跨文化交际 unit1~6 课后translation中英对照

1、unit 1 page 22thegrowthofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldofstudyisbasedonaviewofhistorythatclearlydemonstratespeopleandcultureshavebeentroubledbyapersistentinabilitytounderstandandgetalongwithgroupsandsocietiesremovedbyspace,ideology,appearance,andbehaviorfromtheirown.whatisintriguingaboutmanyofhu

2、mancivilizationsfailureisthattheyappeartobepersonalaswellasglobal.thestoryofhumankindispunctuatedwithinstancesofface-to-faceconflictsaswellasinternationalmisunderstanding-majorandminorquarrelsthatrangefromsimplename-callingtoisolationismorevenarmedconflict.itisobviousthatincreasedcontactwithothercul

3、turesandsubculturesmakesitimperativeforustomakeaconcertedefforttogetalongwithandtotrytounderstandpeoplewhosebeliefsandbackgroundsmaybevastlydifferentfromourown.theability,throughincreasedawarenessandunderstanding,topeacefullycoexistwithpeoplewhodonotnecessarilyshareourlifestylesorvaluescouldbenefitu

4、snotonlyinourownneighborhoodsbutcouldbethedecisivefactorinmaintainingworldpeace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力

5、，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。unit 2 page 60culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” but we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enabl

6、es software programs to run. culture is like dos or unix or windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. the metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windowsthrough which all of life is viewed. it various

7、from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society.culture is like the water fish swim ina reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is

8、 to our physical life. culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean.if culture is mental programmi

9、ng, it is also a mental map of reality. it tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. culture also tells us what ought to be. it gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. it helps us in sitting priorities. it establis

10、hes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的dos或者unix或者“视窗”（windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好

11、像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这

12、些准则的行为为正当、合法。unit 3 page 96although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. these are called cultural values. cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false,

13、 positive and negative, and the like. culture values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. culture

14、values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.the values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop stand

15、ards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. to the extent that culture value systems differ,

16、we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different behaviors under similar circumstances. 虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人

17、们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。unit 4 page 141when we say that language is alwa

18、ys ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write. the meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to me

19、an. to put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication.language is inherently ambiguous. it means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other people mean. there is no way around this. when someone says s

20、omething, we must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. we draw inferences based on two main sources: (1) the language they have used, and (2) our knowledge about the world. the knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances.language is ambig

21、uous. this means that we can never be certain what the other person means-whether in speaking or writing. to put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. but what does this mean for intercultural communication? in the first place it should be clear that communication works bett

22、er the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowle

23、dge. two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交

24、际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么。语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。换言之，语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际便会有比较好的效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意的推

25、测都基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。unit 5 page 175where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different age, different ethnic and different cultural groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or

26、 even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it mire difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.in the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are conside

27、rable. people are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what other mean, when we are communicating about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on

28、 shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretations.it has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the same families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals they communication. a man may wish to

29、make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. he asked her what her would like to have for her birthday-she can ask foe anything. unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. men and women, at least in nort

30、h american society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. a woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. a man in that situation, however, feels best about the situation if he is told

31、 quite directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与来自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。就是来

32、自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思，原因是男性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。他问女人想要什么礼物哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。unit 6 page 215non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form

33、of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. generally speaking, however, its a little difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. such non-verbal aspects of communications as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use.