非谓语动词用法集锦.ppt

1、Grammatical generalization,非谓语动词用法锦集,present participle ( v.-ing ) past participle (v.-ed) the infinitive ( to do ),谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态

2、动词/助动词+ v.,系动词+表语,非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语，主要包括不定式，ving形式以及过去分词。 e.g. He works. He wants to work here. I want to work here. You are students, so you dont work in the factory. Being students, you dont work in the factory.,非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词） 1、动词不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语。 2、动名词在句子中可作主语、

3、表语、宾语和定语。 3、分词在句子中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。,The infinitive ( to do ),不定式不受人称和数的限制，但有体和态的变化（以 write 为例） （一般式） to write / to be written （进行体） to be writing （完成体） to have written / to have been written （完成进行） to have been writing 语法功能（grammatical functions） S 主语 O宾语 Attr定语 P 表语 Oc 宾补 Adv 状语,不定式作主语,Teaching is

4、to learn.,To teach is learning.,It is to learn to teach.,To teach is to learn.,但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：,It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.,Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。,不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。,Its necessary for you to lock the car when you

5、 do not use it.,Its so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。,往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面 例如：,不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。,I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。,ask choose help like/love need want wish,有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即 动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：,He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。,The

6、driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。,agree decide demand determine pretend manage plan refuse expect intend hope fail learn mean,有些不及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为：动词+不定式。例如：,有些动词或动词词组可以用 动词+疑问词+不定式 的结构作宾语。例如,His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。,My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作

7、是每天清扫房间。,不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：,不定式作表语,There are so many kinds of tape-recorders that I cant decide which to buy.,Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。,decide know consider forget learn remember show wonder explain tell,不定式作定语,目的状语 常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to， so as to do,so（such）

8、 as to（如此以便）。,不定式作状语,There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。,I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。,不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：,例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.,You will do well to speak more carefully.,(4)表示条件,She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。,Im glad to see

9、 you. 见到你很高兴。,作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。,I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。,He searched the room only to find nothing.,表原因,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,v.-ing,（一般式） repairing （被动式）being repaired （完成式）having repaired （完成被动）having been repaired,v.-ing 也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动

10、词 repair为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。,是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形 + ing 构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征。,语法功能（grammatical functions）,Subject 主语 Object 宾语 Attribute 定语 Predicative 表语 Object complement 宾补 Adverbial 状语,基本意义： 主动的关系 正在发生的动作或持续的状态,1）作主语。,appreciate consider imagine enjoy escape finish avoid suggest mind miss practice keep

11、 face,包括单个的分词和分词短语/分句两种形式，语法上都相当于单数名词。例如：,Fighting broke out between the South and the North.,Beating a child does more harm than good.,Your falling into the river was the climax of our play.,2）作宾语,a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：,b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如： preferto be used to lead to devote oneself to,Would y

12、ou mind turning down your radio a little, please?,The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。,3）作表语(主语补语）,有些v.-ing作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point = a temperature point at which sth. begins to boil 沸点 English speaking country = the country where people speaking En

13、glish,The boy climbing that tree is my nephew.,表示所修饰名词正在做某事,a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池,a writing desk = a desk used for writing 写字台,例如：,表示所修饰名词事物的用途。,4）作定语。,比较： She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.,Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作

14、是 洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。,对主语的内容进行说明、解释。,5) 宾补 ( S + V + O +OC ),The old man fell asleep quickly, holding a book in his hand. (可用 with 介词短语代换 ),Being a hard working young man, he is praised by all his friends.,逻辑主语即句子主语 可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义,6) 状语,I noticed an old man crossing the road. （分词短语表动作正在发生 ）,I taught hi

15、m speaking English. （相当于名 词 ）,练习,我习惯了做这种工作。 I am used to doing this kind of work. 看到前面坐着这么多人，他感到很紧张。 Seeing so many people sitting in front, he felt very nervous. 他在四川住过许多年，对那里的情况很了解。 Having lived in Sichuan for many years, he knew there very well.,Past participle (v.-ed) 语法功能: Attribute 定语 Predicat

16、ive 表语 Object complement 宾补 Adverbial 状语 基本意义： 及物动词常带有被动的意义和完成的意义 不及物动词仅表完成的意义,Attribute 定语 单个分词做前置定语 the spoken word a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine written language writing paper,不及物动词很少能单独做前置定语，仅限于下列示例： a retired worker fallen leaves the risen sun,Predicative 表语 分词作表语多是由形容词化的短

17、语构成的，被动和完成的意义并不明显。如： be interested be concerned with be addicted to be covered with be drunk A bent back means a back that is bent.,Object complement 宾补 可以带分词作宾补的动词主要有以下两类：, make, get, have, keep等表“致使”意义的动词 He is trying to make himself understood., see, hear, feel, find, think等表感觉和心理状态的动词 We all fou

18、nd her greatly changed.,Adverbial 状语 可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义 Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.(原因) United, we stand; divided, we fall.(条件),-ing分词和 -ed分词的特殊用法,分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说到 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all

19、 things considered 从整体来看 例如：,Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。,独立主格 独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词；,独立主格结构的特点： 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 名词或代词与后面的分词是主谓关系。 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例如：,The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试

20、结束了，我们开始放假。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。 The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。,特殊词精讲,I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功,You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。,2. try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事， try do

21、ing试验，试着做某事。,1. stop doing/to do stop doing停止做某事。 stop to do停止中断做某事后去做另一件事，,They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。,I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了,3. mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想，mean doing意味着。 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purc

22、hasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。,- The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。,V.-ing 形式,例4 There was nobody，so

23、he had to go alone. There _ nobody, he had to go alone. If time permits, I will go to see you. _ _, I will go to see you.,being,例5 _ what to do ,he came to the teacher for help. A. Not knowing B. knowing not C. No knowing,A,Time permitting,当存在不同主语时，可以用Ving形式的独立结构。,.-ing分词、不定式、-ed分词练习 1. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?” “I prefer _ .” a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not to 2. I intended _ the matter with you, but I had something urgent to do. a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed 3. Dont let me catch you _. a. do tha