词汇学答案1-4章

1、第一章1.a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound，meaning and syntactic function。2.vocal ability refers to the sum total of all the words in a language。in other words，vocalary is composed of words and words makeup vocalary。if we compare vocal ability to a family，words are famil

2、y members。3.sounds is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to .sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection isarbitrary and conventional。for example，tree/tri:/means树in english because the english-speaking people have agreed to do so just as chine

3、se people use4.there are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form。there are more phonees than letters in english，so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phonee。spelling by printing，which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling。influence of the

4、work of scribes，who delivery changed the spelling of words and change borrowing，which introductes many words which and5.early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursorive writing were diff ifthe changed spelling forms are

5、 more distinguish able to readers .6.words of the basic word stock form the common core of the english language。they are the words essential to native speakers daily communication . su ch words are characterized by all national character，stability7 . a . looksewoman b . fellow c . pitold . greate .

6、cowardf . fightg . policeh . drunk i . woman j . girl8.haly=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=it seems to me eke=alsosmooth=truth morn=morningtroth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holybillow=wave/the sea bade=bid9.neologis ms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meaningless。for examp

7、le、欧元、e-book(电子书籍)、sars(非典)、netizen(互联网用户)和are newly-coined words。words like mouse(鼠标)、web(网络)和space shuttle(往复式)etc。are old words which have acquired new meaningless。10.by notion，words fall into content words and functional words。content words include nouns、verbs、adjected、adver ds and numerals、whic

8、h have clear notionswhatereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences . content words are numerous and changing and angingbut functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words。11.native words form a small portion of the eng

9、lish vocal ability，but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the cood12.denizens aliens translation loans semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dreamdie pro patria black humourskirt parvenu long time no seewall wunderkind typhoonhusband mikado第二章1.the indo-europe la

10、nguage family is one of the most important language families in the world .it is made up of the languages of europe，the near east and india。english belongs to this family and the other members of the indo-european language family have different degrees of influence on english vocalalala2.indo-europe

11、an language familybalto-slavic (lithuanian、prussian、polish、slavenian、russian、bulgarian)indo-iranian (hindi，perian)celtic (breton、scottish、irish)italic (spanish、french、italian、portuguese、roumanian)赫莱ic (greek)german ic (english、swedish、german、norweigian、icelanggic、danish、dutch)3.the vocal abilities o

12、f the three periods differ greaty from one anther . oldenglish has(1)a small vocbulary(50 000-60 000)，(2)a small number of borrowlings from latin and scandis navian onlymiddle english has(1)comparatvely large vocal ability(2)a tremendous number of foreign words from french and latin and()modern engl

13、ish has(1)a huge and heterogeneous vobulry(2)tremendous borrowings and(3)words with lost endings。是，we can divide the developments in other ways，for example，old english period can be called anglo-saxon period。and middle english might start from 1066，the time of norman conquest . but in doing so，the logical continuation of thee three phase of the oring so4.it is recptivity and adaptability of the english language that make it possible for english to borrow heavily from ot