人文地理(3轮)4.ppt

1、人 文 地 理,HUMAN GEOGRAPHY,第四章 人口与发展,第一节 人口增长过程 一 农业革命之前的人口 二 农业革命与人口增长 三 工业革命对人口增长的影响 四 世界人口增长趋势,第二节 人口转变模式 一 发达国家的人口转变模式 二 发展中国家的人口转变模式 三 中国的人口转变模式,The global rate of population growth sharply increased during three period-around 8000B.C.,A.D.1750, and 1950. Each population spurt was accompanied by t

2、echnological advances that gave people greater control over their physical and social environments. In turn, these technological improvements increased the capacity of the earth to support human population.,First period. For several hundred thousand years prior to approximately 8000B.C,global popula

3、tion had increased very modestly, at an average of only a couple of dozen people per year. Then around that year, the annual growth rate surged to fifty times higher than in the past, and world population grew by several thousand per year. Between 8000B.C and A.D1750, global population increased fro

4、m approximately 5 million to 800 million.,What caused the burst of population growth around 8000B.C?,scientists point to the agricultural revolution , which is the time when human beings first domesticated plants and raising animals no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.,Second period.

5、For nearly 10,000years after the agricultural revolution, the world population grew at a fairly steady pace. After about A.D1750, the worlds population suddenly began to grow ten times faster than in the past . The average annual increase jumped from several thousand in the early eighteenth century

6、to several hundred thousand in the late eighteenth century.,Global population rose from approximately 800million in 1750 to 2.5 billion in 1950, an average annual increase of 0.6 percent per year. The second spurt in the rate of population increase resulted from the industrial revolution. The indust

7、rial revolution involved a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. The result of this industrial transformation was the production of unprecedented levels of wealth, some of which was used to make the community a healthier place to live .,

8、Third period. The third dramatic increase in global population began after World War ll in about 1950. The average annual population increase jumped from approximately 0.5 percent early in the twentieth century to nearly 2 percent by the middle of the twentieth century. Instead of adding a few milli

9、on people per year, as was the case at the beginning of the twentieth century, the world has grown by more than 70 million per year since the late 1940s. During the 1990s, world population is increasing by nearly 100 million people per year.,The recent era of population growth has been caused by the

10、 medical revolution. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to have longer and healthier lives. Current mortality rates are 60 to 80 percent lower in Africa, Asia and Latin America than in the late 1940s.,In view

11、 of the current size and natural increase rate of the worlds population,many wonder whether there will soon be too many people on earth . Will continued population growth lead to global starvation, war, and lower quality of life? Overpopulation more people than the available level of resources has a

12、lready hit regions of Africa and threatens other countries in Asia and Latin America. The world as a whole does not immediately face over population, but current trends must be reversed to prevent a future crisis.,Geographers caution that the number of people living in a region is not by itself an i

13、ndication of overpopulation. Some densely populated regions are not overpopulated, while some sparsely inhabited areas are. Instead, overpopulation is a relationship between the size of the population and a regions level of resources. The capacity of the land to support life derives partly from char

14、acteristics of the natural environment and partly from human actions to modify the environment through agriculture, industry, and exploitation of raw materials.,第四章 人口与发展,第三节 人口增长的动力机制 一 自然环境与人口增长 1）土地资源与人口增长 2）淡水资源与人口增长 3）森林资源与人口增长 4）矿产资源与人口增长,第四章 人口与发展,二 人口构成与人口增长 1）人口构成及其分类 2）人口构成与人口发展 人口性别构成及其影响 人口年龄构成及其影响 人口文化构成及其影响,第四章 人口与发展,三 人口政策与人口增长 1）鼓励人口增长的人口政策 2）抑制人口增长的人口政策,第四章 人口与发展,第四节 人口与发展 一 人口因素的两重性 二 人口增长对发展的影响 三 适度人口及其对经济社会发展战 略的意义,After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. list the four conclusions whi