福建专升本语法,非谓语动词、情态动词、形容词.ppt

1、Grammar,There is no royal road to learning. 学习没有捷径,第一讲.动词的非谓语动词,动词在句中除充当谓语外,还可以起名字,形容词或副词的作用,在句中充当主语, 宾语,表语,补语,定语和状语.这就是动词的非谓语形式.当句中需要某种动作作 主语,宾语或作某种修饰,说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式. 动词非谓语形式有三种: (1)动词不定式 to study (to +动词原形 ) (2)分词 studying (现在分词) studied (过去分词) (3)动名词 studying (形式与现在分词相同) 动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化,故

2、又称为非限定性动词. 动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语,状语等构成短语.,动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化:,一.动词不定式 1. 动词不定式能起名词,形容词,和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分. (一)作主语. 1) To learn English is not an easy thing. 2) To say something is one thing, to do it is another. 3) It is our duty to realize the four modernizations. 4) It is impossible for him to get

3、 the money now. 5) It makes me feel sad to see you sitting alone. (是形式主语,是真实主语.动词不定式作真实主语时,常放在后面.) (二)作表语. 1) My suggestion is to carry out the plan right now. 2) The young man seems to be a college graduate. 3) To see is to believe. 4) They are likely to succeed.,(三)作定语. 1) Mary has a lot of things

4、 to do. 2) Here is a good book for you to read. 3) Is there anything (for us) to eat? 4) She is not a girl to do things by halves. 5)He is a man to depend on. (四)作宾语. 1) He wants to visit Nanjing. 2) The guests promised to come early.,(五)作宾语补语(复合宾语的第二部分). 1) I expect you to write to me. 2) I asked h

5、im to show me his new dictionary. 3) We tried to persuade him not to drop out of school, but in vain. 注:常跟不定式作宾补的动词有：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, force, inspire, intend, invite, instruct, order, permit, persuade, press, remind, tell, urge, want, warn 有些

6、动词如感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不带to,如:make, let, hear, see, notice, feel, watch, have(要,叫,使)等. 1)The teacher made me do my homework carefully. 2)Professor Wang let his assistant leave early enough to catch the last bus. 3)I heard Mary cry. 4)We watched them play football. 5)Tom felt his heart beat fast when he s

7、aw Joe come into the room. 6)I would have him wait for me.我要他等我. 用被动语态时,这些动词后面的不定式要带to. 1)He was made to do the work at once. 2)She was heard to use strong language. 3) She was seen to run out of the post office.,(六) 作状语. 1)He came to see me yesterday. (目的) 2)He opened the door for her to come in. (

8、目的) 3)My little brother is too young to go to school. (结果) 4)Xiao Ma is old enough to join the army. (结果) 5)My father was surprise to hear the news. (原因) 6)I am sorry to say (that) the work is not well done. (原因) 不定式短语修饰全句作状语 1) To be frank with you, I dont love you. 2) To give you some idea of birt

9、h rate, look at the second hand of your watch. 3) To hear him speak English, you would take him for a foreigner. 4) To tell the truth, I have not got any definite information about the term paper.,2. 动词不定身的否定式只须在to前加not. 1)My father decided not to take up the job. 2)The teacher told him not to be la

10、te again. 3) The doctor warned me not to overstrain my eyes in writing books. 3. 带疑问词的动词不定式在前加疑问词. 1)Mr.Li will teach us how to use the present perfect tense. 2)Can you tell me where to get the book? 3)Mary didnt know what to say when Mr. Hopkins was displeased with her. 4) I dont know whether to ac

11、cept his invitation or not. 5) The question is when to do the experiment. 6) How to do it is an easy question. “疑问词+不定式”结构通常用语下列动词之后: tell, teach, know, wonder, learn, show, find out, ask, understand, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, discover, consider等.,4. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时,动词不定式常常省略后面的动词,只保留to.

12、在make, let, hear, see等动词后，to也可以省略不用 1)Did you go to see the Great Wall?-No, I wanted to (go to see it), but there wasnt time. 2)Will you help me? -Ill try to (help you). 3)Mary wanted to use your bike.-But I asked her not to (use it). 4)Did Jane go to the party?-No, her mother didnt let her (go to t

13、he party). 5)He wanted to go to Beidaihe, but he wasnt able to (go there). 5. 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语,需要在这一逻辑主语 前加for. I opened the door for her to come in. My advise is for you to admit your own mistake. Mary gave me the phone number in order for me to reach her when I am in need of help. 试比较下列

14、句子: 1)I want to open the door. 2)I want him to open the door.,6. 除ought to, have to, be to 外,其它助动词，情态动词后面的不定式都不带to. “be+动词不定式”结构含有事先安排好的或预定的计划,预先指出的后果, 劝告，告诫,指示,命令等意味. 1)The delegation is to go to Nangjing tomorrow. 2)The teacher are to return next Monday. 3)The question is to be discussed at the ne

15、xt meeting. 4)Xiao Wang said she was to go to Shanghai on business. 5)You are not to offend anybody. 6)Yor are to find out the truth of the matter. 7)The policeman said that he wasnt to leave the house. 8)You are to be punished if you do that. 9)All work is to be finished within a week. 10)What is t

16、o be done? (=What are we to do?),7.动词不定式的完成式主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.但在plan, hope, expect, should(或would) like 等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。 1)I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 2)She seemed to have forgotten her promise. 3)He pretended to have read the book. 4)He planned to have gone abroad. (=He planned to

17、 go abroad but he didnt.) 5)I hoped to have seen her. (=I hope to see her, but I didnt see her.) 6)I would like to have had your help. (=I wanted to have your help but I didnt have it.) 7)The enemy expected to have found him. (=The enemy expected to find but didnt find him.) 8) He is said to have be

18、en presented with two master degrees. 9) Tom planned to have painted the house before dark.,8. 动词不定式的进行式表示主要动作发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行. : 1)They seem to be talking about something important. 2)The two weavers pretended to be working hard. 3) She is said to be studying in Yale University. 9. 动词不定式的被动态表示不定式的

19、逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者. 1)The houses to be built is for the teachers. 2)The medical team asked to be sent to the front at once. 3) Its my pleasure to be asked to speak here. 4) Here are the papers to be typed today. 5) Where are the clothes to be washed. 动词的主动语态表被动意义 1) Nobody is to blame for it. 2) The

20、 house is to let.,10. 固定表示法 (1) should/would like someone to do something ; would prefer something to do/to be done， 1) I should like you to write a composition every week. 2) Mr. Smith would prefer the matter to be discussed at the next meeting. (2) 由only, first, second, last, next, best等序数词或形容词最高级

21、修饰的名词， 常用不定式作定语 1) He is always the last one to leave the office. 2) Peter is the most suitable person to do the job. 3) Sally Ride was the first American woman to explore outer space. (3) so as to do something; so as to do something; in order to do something 1) They stared early in order to get the

22、re before midnight. 2) Come early so as to get a good seat. 3) Vegetables are now so cheap as to be within the reach of almost everyone.,(4) only to do something 1) Mr. Green ran all the way up to the station only to find that the train had left five minutes before. 2) I open the box , only to find

23、it empty. (5) happen, prove, tend, appear, seem +to do something 1) I happed to be out when she called me. 2) I like George but I think he tends to talk too much. 3) You seem to be very happy. (6) seem, appear, be said, be known等动词 + to have done， 表示不定式的动词的动作先发生 1) They seem to have been rich. 2) Yo

24、u appear to have lost weight. 3) She is said to have travelled through Europe. 4) The old man was known to have been smart in his youth.,(7) tooto do 1) The news is too good to be true. 2) His income is too small to support his family. (8) do nothing/anything/everything but (except) do something 1)

25、They did nothing but play trick on him. 2) Mr. Green will do anything but work on a farm. Note: 如果 nothing/anything/everything 前面不是do/did,而是其他的词,不定式一定加 to 1) The doctor told me nothing but to remain silent. 2) There is nothing for him to do but to stop smoking. 3) They had no choice/alternative but

26、to book the air ticket in advance.,(9) had better do, would rather do(than) do, would do rather than do, would sooner do(than) do, cannot but do , can not help but do, may/might as well do 1) Since the boy is mad, wed better leave him alone. 2) They couldnt help but wait for the next train to come.

27、3) I would die of hunger rather than beg in the street. 4) If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 5) The soldier would sooner die than surrender.,不定式练习,. 1Would you please tell me next?A.how do I do B.what to doC.what do I do D.how I should do 2.The girl wasnt to lift that book

28、case.A.too strong B.enough strongC.strong enough D.so strong 3.For a time his grandmother found accept his new idea.A.hard B.it hard C.it hard to D.it is hard to 4.As she has never been there before, Ill have someone _her the way.A.show B.to show C.showing D.showed 5.You drive slowly. The roads are

29、wet.A.had rather B.would ratherC.had better D.would better,不定式练习,6.Nothing can make the brave soldier his country.A.turn against B.to turn againstC.to turn to D.turn to 7.In the old days it was difficult for the poor a job.A.find B.to find C.look D.to look for 8.When learning a foreign language, try

30、 our best the spirit of it.A.master B.hold C.take hold of D.to master 9.It was foolish his car unlocked.A.for him to leave B.of him to leaveC.for him leave D.him to leave 10.Remember the newspaper when you have finished it.A.putting back B.put backC.to put backD.will put back,不定式练习,11.Napoleon spoke

31、 so loudly as to in front of his soldiers.A.hear B.be heard C.listen D.be listened to 12.Television and radio to know what is going on all over the world.A. made it possible of us B.have made us possibleC. have made it possible for usD.have made it be possible for us 13.I have enjoyed my visit here.

32、 Ill be very sorry .A.for leavingB.to leave C.if leaving D.to have left 14.I dont see how I could possible manage the work without .A.to finish； helpingB.to finish；being helpedC.finishing；helping D.finishing；being helped 15.We all think it most foolish this mistake.A.for you making B.of you to makeC

33、.you to make D.for you to make,不定式练习,16.Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still .A.a good place which to be lived inB.a good place to liveC.a good place to live in D.a good place to live for 17.You were lost on your way to the lake, werent you? Yes, we were and had to stop

34、 the way.A.asking B.to ask C.asked D.to be asked 18.She felt it a great shame so severely in the presence of her boy friend.A.to criticize B.to have criticizedC.to be criticized D.to have been criticized 19.The advertisements are trying people to buy things they dont really need.A.persuade B.persuad

35、ing C.be persuading D.to persuade 20.If you were much younger, I would arrange as the general manager, for all your colleagues speak highly of your work.A.for you to work B.of you to work C.for you work D.you work,不定式练习,21.On our way back home, we lunch because we felt hungry.A.stopped to have B.sto

36、p to haveC.stopped having D.stoped to have 22.I did nothing but my lessons last Sunday.A.go over B.to go over C.went over D.go on 23.Id prefer home rather than a walk.A.to stay; to take B.stay; to takeC.to stay; take D.stay; take 24.He was so foolish his car unlocked. A.to leave B.that leaveC.as to

37、leave D.for him to leave 25.Your flat needs . Do you want me it for you?A.to clean; to do B.cleaning; doingC.cleaning; to do D.to be cleaned; doing,不定式练习,26.What the scientist said greatly encouraged us the experiment again, but his secretarys words discouraged us _the experiment any more.A.to try;

38、to doB.to try; from doingC.for trying; from doing D.trying; to do 27. water before breakfast seemed to them a rule never .A.To get; breaksB.To get; to breakC.Getting; breaks D.Get; to break 28.The patient was warned oily food after operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 29.Do

39、you have any clothes today, Sir? asked the maid politely.A.washB.to be washed C.to washD.to be washing 30.Mr. Green has never smoked any more since his wife _him .A.suggested; to give it up B.persuaded; to give up itC.advised; to give it up D.persuaded; to give it up,二动名词（doing) 1. 动名词在句中做主语、宾语、表语 1

40、) Buying clothes is often a very time-consuming practice. 2) My favourite pastime is climbing mountains. 3) They narrowly escaped being killed in the accident. 4) The doctor suggested that your son avoid working outside for a couple of days. 常见的只可跟动名词作宾语的动词有： admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, end

41、ure, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, dislike, permit, postpone, practice, require, risk, suggest But: 1) The government doesnt allow parking in the street. 2) He allowed me to copy the key to the exam. 3) They advise waiting for a while. 4) They advised me not to copy the

42、 key to the exam. allow及 advise 这类动词后，若有某人就加不定式，否则直接加动名词 类似的动词还有： permit/recommend/forbid/consider +doing sth. permit/recommend/forbid/consider +sb. + to do sth.,2. 动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语与句子的主语或宾语不同，必须表示出来 1) I dont like your speaking hurt others. 2) She objected to your going there. 3) Its all their doing.

43、 3. 动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语是有生命名词，用s表示出来 1) He died in consequence of the doctors not coming on time. 2) I appreciate Johns helping in time. 3) Toms calling Mary made her angry, so she hung up on him. 4. 动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语是无生命名词或抽象名词，不必加s 1) They were glad of the examination being over. 2) There is some likeliho

44、od of this being true.,5. 动词want, need, require, deserve, 及形容词worth+ doing，表示被动 1) The baby needs taking good care of. 2) The exhibition is not worth looking at. 3) These typewriters require numbering. 6. worth doing/worthy of being done, worthwhile to do/doing 1) New York is worth visiting. 2) It i

45、s worthwhile to visit New York. 3) New York is worthy of being visited. 4) It isnt worthwhile reading that book. 5) It is worth your while to go and see. 6) It is worthwhile to say this. ( This is worth saying.),7. prefer doing to doing 1）I prefer reading to playing bridge. 2) He prefers writing his

46、 letters to dictating them. 8. go doing 常用于表示“娱乐、活动、游戏”等带有趣味性的行为、活动 1) Would you like to go fishing with me this afternoon? 2) Im going skiing next week. more examples: go swimming, go walking, go boating, go dancing, go hunting, go riding, go shooting, go camping 9. on/upon doing; in doing 1) On ar

47、riving in the United States, I received a visit from a college professor. 2) On entering the classroom, the students liked me at once. 3) In talking about robots, the scientists mentioned their function. 4) He was drowned in crossing the river.,10. There is no point in +doing 1) There is no point in

48、 doing that. 2) There is no point in complaining about the poor living condition here. 3) There is no point in crying over spilled milk. It is no use/good +doing 1) It is no good trying to deceive me. 2) It is no use talking of his domestic matters. 3) It is no good your pretending that you know the

49、 rules. 4) It is no use waiting any longer. No doing 表示“禁止做某事” 1) No littering on the camps of our college. 2) No parking in front of the gate. 3) No smoking in the meeting room.,11. have (no) difficulty (in)+ doing/ there is (no) difficulty (in) +doing 1) You shouldnt have any difficulty (in) locat

50、ing it. 2) There is little difficulty (in) finding the railway station. 3) In Italy you wont have much difficulty (in) getting to know people. 12. feel like +doing ;be busy (in) +doing something; cannot help +doing; would you mind +doing 1) She felt liking having a good sleep after a long journey. 2

51、) Do you feel like making a try? 3) Im always busy (in) at my desk correcting students assignment. 4) I found her busy (in) preparing for the exam. 5) He cannot help laughing on hearing such a good jokes. 6) Would you mind my opening the door?,13. far from +doing 1) Your explanation is far from bein

52、g satisfactory. 2) Our office is far from being comfortable. make a point of +doing be on the point of +doing 1) Mr. Smith makes a point of going to church on Sundays.= Mr. Smith thinks it necessary to go to church on Sundays. 2) He was on the point of leaving. = He was about to leave. 14. forget, r

53、emember, stop, regret, try, mean + to do sth./doing sth.，但意思不同 1) She tried to do more exercises so as to lose weight. 2) She tried doing more exercises so as to lose weight. 3) I regret spending so much money on a car. 4) I regret to say George failed in the exam.,动名词练习,1) Mark often attempts to es

54、cape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 2) My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime. A) to have heard B) to hear C) for hearing D) hearing 3) The thief took away the womans wallet without_

55、. A) being seen B) seeing C) him seeing D) seeing him 4) No one can avoid _ by advertisements. A) to be influenced B) being influenced C) influencing D) having influence 5) He thought that _. A) the effort doing the job was not worth B) the effort was not worth in doing the job C) it was not worth t

56、he effort doing the job D) it was not worth the effort by doing the job,动名词练习,6) You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another. A) to hear B) to be heard C) hearing D) with hearing 7) My transistor radio isnt working. It _. A) need

57、 repairing B) needs to repair C) needs repairing D) need to be repaired 8) It is no use _ me not to worry. A) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told 9) She apologized for _ to come. A)her not being able B) her being not able C) not be able D) that shes not able to 10)The sus

58、pect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them. A) receiving.selling B) to receive.to sell C) to receiving.to selling D) to have received.to have sold,动名词练习,11.Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder? A) to fix B) fixing C) for fixing D) fix 12. Why were you late?”“I had a hard time _ up this morning.” A) to get B) get C) got D) getting 13. I remember _ to help us if we ever got into trouble. A) once offering B) him once offeri