The Seventeenth Century.ppt

1、The 17th Century,A Time of Great Advance,In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.,Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attributable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the 17th century,General Int

2、roduction,- Bertrand Russell, English philosopher,2020/7/21,3,The 17th century saw the intense political struggle, shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France, which marked the growth of modern state power.,General Introduction,The triumphs of science revived human pride. This new

3、 outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism经院哲学and brought about modern philosophy, which was materialism in nature.,General Introduction,2020/7/21,5,“The modern world, so far as mental outlook 思想见解is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.” - Bertrand Russell,General Introduction,

4、Back,Scientific Revolution,A period of major scientific change,Began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century,Ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) 自然哲学的数学原理 in 1687by

5、Isaac Newton.,Scientific Revolution,At the beginning of the century, science was highly Aristotelian,At its end, science was mathematical, mechanical, and empirical 经验主义的.,Scientific Revolution,Forerunners of Modern Science,Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Isaac Newton,Nicolaus Copernicus

6、(1473-1543),He did not belong to the 17th century, but he was the immediate forerunner of modern science. His heliocentric theory 日心说 was put forward only as a hypothesis假设. Contradicted not only the religious doctrines, but also common sense. No conclusive evidence.,Forerunners of Modern Science,Co

7、pernicuss hypothesis,Johannes Kepler,a new philosophy, the fundamental structure of the universe,Supported by Keplers model,Forerunners of Modern Science,General introduction German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer占星家 Key figure in the scientific revolution Best known for his three laws of p

8、lanetary motion (Keplers Laws) 行星运行三定律 He is sometimes referred to as “the first theoreticalastrophysicist”理论天体物理学家,Johannes Kepler (15711630),Forerunners of Modern Science,Supported, clarified and amended the Copernican system Turned the system from a general description into a precise mathematical

9、 formula The three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy Led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitation,Johannes Keplersummary,Forerunners of Modern Science,Galileo Galilei伽利略,“Father of Modern Astronomy “Father of Modern Physics “Father of Science,Forerunners of Modern Scienc

10、e,Italian astronomer, philosopher, and physicist Convinced Copernican First to apply telescope to the study of the sky,Galileo Galilei (15641642),Forerunners of Modern Science,improved the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations experimental work helped establishing the modern scientific m

11、ethod. His work, a significant break from that of Aristotle .,Achievements,Forerunners of Modern Science,Law of inertia 惯性定律 ( every body, if left alone, will continue to move in a straight line with uniform velocity ) Law of falling bodies 自由落体定律 ( when a body is falling freely, its acceleration is

12、 constant and the acceleration is the same for all bodies,),Achievements,Forerunners of Modern Science,Experiment,Forerunners of Modern Science,forerunner of the Classical mechanics Galileos theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies pioneer in performing rigorous 严格的experiments and

13、insisting on a mathematicaldescription of the laws of nature.,Achievements,Forerunners of Modern Science,1610, Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) was published星空信使. His discoveries provided evidences for Copernicuss hypothesis. Bibles authority and Christianity were threatened by the theory.,Ac

14、hievements,Forerunners of Modern Science,Isaac Newton,Nature and natures laws lay hid in night; God said Let Newton be and all was light.,Forerunners of Modern Science,English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist 炼金术士 the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (publ

15、ished 1687) 自然哲学的数学原理 universal gravitation,Isaac Newton (16431727),Forerunners of Modern Science,Isaac Newton (16431727),Achievements Keplers laws of planetary motion Galileos mechanics culminated in the work of Isaac Newton,Forerunners of Modern Science,Achievements His laws of motion - the solid

16、foundation of mechanics; His law of universal gravitation-combined terrestrial地球上的 and celestial天上的 mechanics into one great system (seemed to be able to describe the whole world in mathematical formulae),Isaac Newton (16431727),Forerunners of Modern Science,Merits shared by the Great Scientists of

17、the 17th Century,Boldness in framing hypotheses courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs Immense patience in observation,Forerunners of Modern Science,2020/7/21,26,Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England,John Locke John Milton,2020/7/21,27,John Locke (1632-1704),A great English empiricist

18、 经验主义者, political philosopher He disliked Scholasticism 经院哲学 He inherited and developed the materialist views 唯物主义观点,2020/7/21,28,His materialist views ( all our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from reflection,which two make up experience; our knowledge springs from experience) His po

19、litical philosophy Treatises of Civil Government (he flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings君权神授) Social contract (society is out of necessity, convenience and mans own interest, therefore, society is natural to man),John Locke (1632-1704),In English Literature John Milton ranks with Sha

20、kespeare and Chaucer A great part of his life was connected with the English Revolution. Most famous for his epic poems: Paradise Lost失乐园, Paradise Regained 复乐园 and Samson Agonistes 力士参孙,John Milton (1608-1674),Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England,The English Revolution,Two leaders Oliver

21、Cromwell: the man of action John Milton: the man of thought,Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England,French Classicism古典主义,Rene Descartes 笛卡尔 I think, therefore I am,French philosopher, physicist and mathematician The Method of Cartesian Doubt 笛卡尔怀疑方法 It is generally believed that modern philo

22、sophy begins with Bacon in England and with Descartes in France,Rene Descartes (1596-1650),French Classicism,I think, therefore I am Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind. Knowledge of things must be by the mind. As to the senses, he believed that they are not dependable,Rene Des

23、cartes (1596-1650),French Classicism,Rene Descartes (1596-1650),As a mathematician the founder of analytical geometry,French Classicism,2020/7/21,35,In literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline 服从统治 Rationalism was believed to be able to discover th

24、e best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws 理性至上 Was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values 模仿古代,French Classicism- Three Characteristics,2020/7/21,36,Corneille 高乃依 ( both tragedies and comedies; his masterpiece was a tragi-comedy, Le Cid熙得 Rac

25、ine 拉辛 ( a tragic dramatist; his representatives are Andromaque安德洛玛刻 and Phaedra菲德尔) Moliere 莫里哀 ( the best representative dramatist of comedies; his best-known works are Tartuffe达尔杜夫, Le Misanthrone愤世嫉俗, and LAvare吝啬鬼),Three major dramatists,2020/7/21,37,Art,Baroque Art Dutch Art Architecture in Fr

26、ance Music,Baroque Art,Back,2020/7/21,39,Baroque Period 巴洛克,between 1600 1750 Originated in Italy Spread to Spain, Portugal, France and the Netherlands; derived from a Portuguese term “an irregularly shaped pearl” 形状不规则的珍珠,Baroque,2020/7/21,40,Baroque Art,The term “Baroque” was applied to Architectu

27、re with too much ornament Elaborate paintings Early (prior to 1650) and late baroque Music Characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal 戏剧化的强度和感情with a lot of emphasis on light and color.,Baroque,2020/7/21,41,2020/7/21,42,Peter Paul Rubens 鲁本斯(1577-1640),The greatest of painters of Fle

28、mish school.佛兰芒派 Was the man more than anyone else who helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe.,Baroque,2020/7/21,43,Landing in Marseillies 亨利四世接受玛丽的画像 玛赛拉登陆,2020/7/21,44,Dutch ArtVan Rijn Rembrandt (1606-69) 伦勃朗,Principal Dutch painter and etcher 蚀刻师 The Night Watch 夜巡,2020/7/21,45,The N

29、ight Watch 1642 夜巡,Rembrandts most inventive work, brilliant with color, movement and light.,2020/7/21,46,Architecture in FranceLouis XIV,King of France Louis XIV (16381715） The greatest patron of art that history has known. He put a lot of money in building new palace and improving and expanding old ones. France surged ahead in architecture.,2020/7/21,47,Palace of Versailles凡尔赛Garden Front (1669-1685),2020/7/21,48,Palace of Versailles,2020/7/21,49,