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1、1 AnAnAnAn investigationinvestigationinvestigationinvestigation ofof ofof thethethethe existingexistingexistingexisting situationsituationsituationsituation andandandand trendstrendstrendstrends inininin buildingbuildingbuildingbuilding energyenergyenergyenergy efficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficien

2、cy managementmanagementmanagementmanagement inininin ChinaChinaChinaChina Abstract Accordingto theChineseStateCouncilsBuildingEnergyEfficiency Management Ordinance, a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency (EE) in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in 22 provincial capitals

3、 and major cities in China. The aimofthis projectisto provide reliable information for drawinguptheDecisiononreinforcing building energy efficiency bythe Ministry ofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernment departments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions, c

4、onstructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facility management departments, financial institutions and those which relate to the business of building energy efficiency. In addition, representatives of the media and residents were also involved. A detailed analysis of the results o

5、f the investigation concerning aspects of the current situation and trends in building energy consumption, energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted. The investigation supplies essential information to formulate the market entrance policy for

6、new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology. KeywordsKeywordsKeywordsKeywords:Energy efficiency (EE); Building; Survey; Policy; Legislation; Reform; China 1Introduction Future trends in Chinas energywillhave considerab

7、le consequences for both China and the global environment. Although Chinas carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis, China has been already ranked the worlds second largest producer of carbon, behindonlythe USA. Chinas buildings sector currently accounts for 23% of Chinastotalenergyuseand this

8、isprojected to increase to one-third by 2010. China has set a target for a 50% reduction of energy consumption for buildings. Energy policy plays an important role in Chinas sustainable development . Improving energy efficiency in buildingsisone of the most cost-effective measures for reducing CO2 e

9、mission, whichisrecognised 2 as one of the main causes of global warming. The climate in Chinaisvery diverse. According to the nationalStandard of Climatic Regionalization for ArchitectureGB 50178-93, Chinaisdivided into the following zones based on climate characteristics: very cold, cold, hot summ

10、er and cold winter, hot summer and warm winter, and moderate. Air conditioning and heating requirements for different zones are as follows: in the very cold zone, the major requirementisheating, and few residential buildings are equipped withair conditioning. In the cold zone, the primary requiremen

11、tisheating, followed byair conditioning. In the hot summer and cold winter zone, bothairconditioning and heating are needed. In the hot summer and warm winter zone, the major requirement isairconditioning and few residential buildings require heating. In some parts of the moderate zone, heatingisnee

12、ded; in other parts, both heating andairconditioning are needed. The availability of heating andairconditioning dependsonseveral factors, including the degreeofeconomic development in an area, the availability of energy supplies and the requirements for environmental protection The Chinese governmen

13、t has focused on energy efficiency in buildings since the 1980s, and numerous standards, building codes, incentive policies and administrative rules have been issued. For example, theEnergy Design Code for Heated Residential Buildings JGJ 26-86,Energy Design Code for Heated New ResidentialBuildingsJ

14、GJ26-95andTechnicalSpecificationforEnergy Conservation Renovation of Existing Heated Residential Buildings JGJ 129-2000 are for the Very Cold and Cold zones. TheDesign Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildingsinthe Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone JGJ 134-2001and Design Standard for Ene

15、rgy EfficiencyofResidential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter zone JGJ 75-2003are for non-central heating areas. According to the Chinese government timetable, standards for the energy efficient design for residential buildings inallclimate zones should have taken effectbythe endof2003 In

16、order to enhance the energy efficiency strategiesimplementation, on behalf of the State Council, The Ministry of ConstructionisdrawinguptheDecisionon reinforcing building energy efficiency, which aims to establish a building energy efficiency legislation system, principally using a policy of economi

17、c incentives in order to stimulate the reform in building energy efficiency. To fulfill this task, a large-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness, understanding and degree of support for the reform of energy 3 efficiency in buildings. 2. Methodology The survey methodhasbeen applie

18、d in this investigation.The questionnaire surveyisa common method, which has been usedbymany researchers worldwide. A detailed descriptionofthe survey method used in this workisas follows. ..ObjectsObjectsObjectsObjects andandandand subjectssubjectssubjectssubjects ofofofof thethetheth

19、e investigationinvestigationinvestigationinvestigation The survey into theexisting situation and trends of building energy efficiency management in Chinawas carried out from September 2005 to February 2006 and aimed to supply realistic information for providing a reliable warranty for drawing up bui

20、lding energy management regulations. Extensive discussions have been conducted with experts in the country in order to design the survey questionnaire. About 22,000 copies of the survey questionnaire have been distributed to about 22 provincial capitals and the major cities throughout the country. T

21、he survey subjects are mainly government administrative departments, research institutions, propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,construction consultancyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,finance organizations, the media and residents. The information derived from

22、the investigation becomesanimportant reference for the drawing upoftheDecision on reinforcing building energy efficiency. The topics of the investigation are divided into one general part and eight specific parts. The general partisto investigate the existing situation of energy efficiency managemen

23、t, the development tendency and the costofbuilding energy efficiency. The specific parts include: Part1:New building market entrance permission; Part2:Promotion, limitation and restriction; Part 3: Statistic of building energy consumption; Part4:Energy efficiency labelling and certification; Part5:E

24、nergy efficiency management and refurbishment for public buildings; Part6:Energy efficiencymanagement andrefurbishment for residential buildings; Part 7: Application of renewable energy; Part8:Incentive policy for energy efficiency. 4 The subjects come from 11 groups, they are: No.1: Government depa

25、rtments; No.2: Property developers; No.3: Design and construction companies; No.4: Energy service companies; No.5: Clients of public buildings; No.6: Property service companies; No.7: Heating suppliers; No.8: Manufacturers of construction materials and products; No.9: Financial institutions; No.10:

26、Residents; No.11: The Media. The 11 subjects were required to answer the questions in the general part but did not necessarily have to answerallthe questions in the specific parts. The 11 types of questionnaire were designed for the different subjects. 3. Analysis of samples The 22,000 copies of the

27、 questionnaire have beendistributed, and about 13,125 valid copies have been returned,a response rate of 59.7%. Among these valid completedquestionnaires, 10,236 copies were from residents and 2889copies from institutions. ..ResidentResidentResidentResident subjectsubjectsubjectsubject

28、 samplessamplessamplessamples The resident questionnaire includes four criteria: ownershipof property, building type, building age and average familyincome. From the investigation we can see that the ownership of propertyaccounts for 67.8%; the multi-floor buildings account for61.8%; the buildings a

29、ged less than 10 years old account for62.9%; and households with monthly average family incomeless than 5000 Yuan account for 61.8%. These figures match thereal situation in China . In general, the valid completedquestionnaires from resident subjects reflect the generalsituation in Chinese society.I

30、trepresents the societysmainstream. 5 ..InstitutionsInstitutionsInstitutionsInstitutions includedincludedincludedincluded in in in in thethethethe samplesamplesamplesample The institutions included in the sample were classifiedaccording to three criteria, namely the administrative char

31、acteristicsof their cities, their climate zone, and whether or notthey were building owners. From the investigation we can see that the surveyed cities are mainlyprovincial capitals and Municipalities (a Municipalityisaspecific administrative city whichis governed directlybythecentral government. Th

32、ere are four such cities: Beijing, Tainjin,Shanghai and Chongqing), which account for 90% of the wholesurveyed cities. The building energy consumption in provincialcapitalsismore remarkable than that in other cities, whichreflect the countrys real situation. The surveyed cities are mostly located in

33、 the very cold, cold,hot summer and cold winter zones. The proportionofthe citiesin the hot summer and warm winter and mild zones are low andthisisbecause the government focusesonthe cold areas at themoment.Among the sampled institutions, the energy service companies make up the lowest proportionof0

34、.6%because the buildingenergy efficiency service systemisnot yetfullymature. Theproportion of design institutions, construction and consultancycompaniesis38%, whichisthe largest group. The second largestgroup, with 14.3%,ismade up of manufacturers of building materials and equipment. These two insti

35、tutions are the practicalexecutive bodies for the implementationofbuilding energyefficiency. The proportion of clientsof public buildingis9.0%,whichisparticularly selected to reflect public building energymanagement and renovation. The proportionsofthese institutionsubject samples reflect the real s

36、ituation in China 4. Result analysis The surveys were carried out within four groups: consumers,producers, services and consultancy supervisions. The consumersinclude residents and clients of public buildings. Theproducers include property developers and manufacturers. Theservices include design con

37、struction and construction consultancycompanies, energy service companies, facilitymanagement services, energy resource services companiesandfinanceinstitutions.Theconsultancysupervisionsinclude government departments and the media. 6 4.1ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumers ofofofof energye

38、nergyenergyenergy efficientefficientefficientefficient productsproductsproductsproducts ..1TheTheTheThedegreedegreedegreedegreeofofofofacceptabilityacceptabilityacceptabilityacceptabilityofofofofenergyenergyenergyenergyefficientefficientefficientefficient productsproductsproductspro

39、ducts The investigation shows the degree of acceptability of energy efficientproducts from the survey. From the investigation we can see that theacceptability degreeof energy efficient building products doesnot remain high and there exists a regional difference. Thefeedback from the resident survey

40、shows that, the energyefficient products are more likely to be accepted in the verycold, cold and hot summer and cold winter zones than the hotsummer and warm winter zone.Inrecent years, a heatingmetering and payment system reform has been conducted in thevery cold and cold zones; therefore the resi

41、dents in these zonesare more interested in energy efficient products. In the hotsummer and cold winter zone, the indoor climateis severe inwinter and summer without bothairconditioning and electricheating; therefore the residents are keen to use energy efficientproducts to improve their living condi

42、tions aswellas to savemoney. The feedback from clients of public buildings showsthat the energy efficient products are more favoured in the very cold, cold, and hot summer and cold winter zones.From the survey results we can conclude that the consumersdegree of acceptance of energy efficient buildin

43、g productsis affected by the following factors: 1.The metering and payment system for heating in north China; 2. The quantity of energy consumed; 3.Climate characteristics. ...Large-scaleLarge-scaleLarge-scaleLarge-scale publicpublicpublicpublic buildingsbuildingsbuildingsbuildi

44、ngs The energy consumption in large-scale public buildings is1015 times that in residential buildings. For example, thefloor area of large public buildings in Beijing onlyaccounts for 5.4% of the citystotalbuilding floor area, however, itselectricity energy consumptionisalmost equal to that ofreside

45、ntial buildings.Itisobvious that energy efficiency reformshould focusonlarge-scale public and government office buildings. In order to investigate the public expectations ofenergy efficiency reform, 7 the questionCan energy efficiencyreformsavemore or less than 20%ofenergy consumption?hasbeen includ

46、ed in the survey (see Fig. 1). The result from government office buildingsisthat 40.7% of respondents votelessand 59.3% more. The result from the large-scalepublic buildings shows that 32%of respondents votelessand 68%more. This implies a positive opinion and high expectation that energy efficiency

47、reformwillsave energy consumption in buildings for these two types of buildings. ..EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy efficientefficientefficientefficient buildingbuildingbuildingbuilding developersdevelopersdevelopersdevelopers ...PropertyPropertyPropertyProperty developers

48、developersdevelopersdevelopers According to the standard GB 50189-2005, the new buildings must save 50% of their energy consumption for heating,airconditioning and lighting comparing to buildings built in the 1980s. These new buildings are called Energy Efficient Buildings. The surveyhasbeen carried

49、 out with 411 property developers involved with the newly constructed buildings to investigateifthis target has been met in the following three areas: 1.The number of EE buildings as a proportion of thetotalnumberofnewly constructed buildings; 2.The costsofEE buildings; 3.The sales of EE buildings i

50、n the market. The survey result reveals thatonly20.6% of thetotalbuildings have met the requirementofthis standard.The investigation shows the increment of cost of the EE buildings. From this figure, wecansee that thereisa difference in the cost increments for EE buildings constructedbythe different

51、 property developers. Investigation shows the market situation for EE buildings. From this, we can see that thereisno overwhelming advantage for EE buildings on the property market. This survey identifies some of the problems in developing EE buildings in China, which are: 1. Thereisa great mismatch

52、 between design and construction and this affects the actual energy saving; 2. Thereis nostable ratio of cost increment to energy saving and this causes problems for the budget estimations for EE buildings; 8 3. Thereisno market guidance for energy efficient buildings and this causes low sensitivity

53、 to the EE buildingsonthe property market; 4. Property developers underestimate the requirement of the EE buildings for property buyers. Meanwhile, we investigated the impact of Building Energy Efficiency Labelling onpurchasing intentions and the attitude of property developers to the provision of b

54、uildingenergy efficiency labelling.The survey results show that the more information thathasbeen supplied to the buyers, the more attention they pay to a buildings EE status.see Fig.4.The intention toconsider buying an energy efficient buildingincreasesbymore than five times after the provision of t

55、he information than before. Thereisa significant opportunity for energy efficiency building labeling to stimulate the demand for energy efficient buildings on the property market. Fig. 5.shows the attitude towards energy efficiency building labelling of the administrative departments, property devel

56、opers and buyers. From this, wecansee that 81.6% of the buyers are very supportive of energy efficiency building information and labelling; however, in contrast about 66% of property developers are not 9 concerned about energy efficiency information.Itisvery important for legislation on the energy e

57、fficiency labelling system to require the property developers to supply the energy efficiency building information to buyers in order to support energy efficiency and avoid overwhelming profit-makingonthe property market. ...ManufacturersManufacturersManufacturersManufacturers o

58、fofofof materialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterials andandandand equipmentequipmentequipmentequipment The investigation on the energy efficiencyinbuildingmaterials and products has been carried out with 405 manufacturers throughout the country and focused on the followingtwo questions: .What are the approa

59、ches to the introductionofenergyefficiency technology development and transfer? . Why do disputes about energy efficiency products occur inpractice? Fig. 6 shows the approaches to energy efficiency producttechnology transfer. From this figure wecansee that about 15% of energy efficiency products are self-developedbytheenterprises,22% arejointlydevelopedwithresearch institutions,35% are technology introduced from overseas, 15% are imported directly from overseas and 13% are from other channels. Thereismuch dispute about the quality of energy efficiency products. Table 5 shows the cause