英语词汇学03.ppt

1、English Lexicology,Homework check: Chapter 11,第十一单元 英语词汇的最新发展 一般了解：一、英语词汇发展的原因 二、英语词汇发展的途径,Review of Lecture II,What is word? What is vocabulary? How many kinds of words? By origin By usage By notion,Lecture III,The Development of English Words,Lecture III The Development,1. The History of English O

2、ld English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Modern English (1500-present) 2. Modern English Words Borrowing Neologism 3. Modes of Development,The History of English,The study of the historical development of the English vocabulary should not be treated in isolation from the history and the grow

3、th of the English language itself. Understanding the history may give us an insight into the nature of English: extremely rich and heterogeneous, a heavy borrower, full of synonyms, global language.,The History of English,Old English (OE): 450-1150 Middle English (ME): 1150-1500 Early Modern English

4、 (EMnE): 1500-1770 Modern English (MdE): 1770-present,The History of English,The History of English,The History of English: Old English,The pronunciation of OE differs somewhat from that of their modern equivalents; The vocabulary of OE is an almost purely Teutonic; OE is a language of full inflecti

5、ons. OE has a vocabulary of 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.,The History of English: Old English,The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from about 450 AD. Th

6、e language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants Celts.,The History of English: Old English,The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly Anglo-Saxon with a small mixture of Old Norse words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of Englan

7、d in the ninth century, such as cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. The English continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period due to the Angles and Saxons various contacts with the Romans, such as candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc.,Literature of Old English,The Hist

8、ory of English: Middle English,Middle English is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses continued to

9、 speak English.,The History of English: Middle English,The language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the English vocabulary - the loss of a large part of the Old English word stock and the adoption of thousands of French words. Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words o

10、f French origin poured into English. 75 percent of them are still in use today.,The French loan words were found in every section of the vocabulary. law and governmental administration: judge, jury, justice, country, government, parliament, state military affairs: conquer, sergeant, victory religion

11、: baptism, confess, divine, sermon food: beef, pork, dinner, mutton art: beauty, image, design literature: chapter, poet, prose, rime,The History of English: Middle English,The History of English: Middle English,ME resembles Modern English more closely than OE. The disintegration of the complicated

12、inflectional system. ME vocabulary differs from that of OE. Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.,The History of English: Middle English,The Middle English literary culture was mostly an oral one, and literacy levels were still low at this time. Mid

13、dle English poetry is a particularly oral genre, and is often structured so as to make it easy to remember, either through rhyme or through alliteration.,Geoffrey Chaucer,The Canterbury Tales,The Canterbury Tales,The History of English: Modern English,Modern English began with the establishment of p

14、rinting in England. In the early stages of this period, the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. In this period, the study of classics was stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin.,From the sixteenth century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing numb

15、er of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French, Spanish, and Italy. English also adopted words from other European languages. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of exploration, colonization and trade, many words came in from non-European languages.,The

16、 History of English: Modern English,Since the beginning of this century, particularly after World War II, the world has seen breathtaking advances in science and technology. As a result, thousands and thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achieveme

17、nts. Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.,The History of English: Modern English,The History of English,In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical devel

18、opment. This has made the English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous. English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the languages, estimated at more than a million words. It is also noted for its wealth of synonyms and idioms, a fact no doubt due to its sharing so many comm

19、on words with other languages.,From the 16th century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing number of languages. From French: attach, caf From Italian: concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, in the fields of music, art and architecture From Spanish

20、: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar From Portuguese: caste, pagoda,Modern English Words: Borrowing,From German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel, zinc From Dutch: dock, freight, keel From Russian: vodka, troika, ruble, tsar From Australian: boomerang, kangaroo, dingo From Arabic: sugar, sultan, alcohol Fr

21、om Indian: coolie, cashmere, khaki From Chinese: tea, typhoon, yamen From Japanese: kimono, tycoon From African: gorilla, zebra,Modern English Words: Borrowing,Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural,

22、 scientific and technological changes in human society.,Modern English Words: Neologism,Modern English Words: Neologism,After World War II, neologisms sweep in at a rate much faster than any other historical period. The main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three: Marked progres

23、s of science and technology Socio-economic, political and cultural changes The Influence of other cultures and languages,Neologisms from science someone under 40 who prospered during the 1980s.,Neologisms from socio-cultural changes,baby boomers, The Third World， shuttle diplomacy, psywar,婴儿潮的一代 第三世界 穿梭外交* 心理战,Shuttle diplomacy is the international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequ