William-Shakespeare(免费).ppt

1、William Shakespeare,William Shakespeare (1564-1616),a great humanist, a great poet, a dramatic genius, the greatest playwright of all time. a master of language 37 plays, two narrative poems and 154 sonnets.,SHAKESPEARES HOUSE,HIS LIFE,born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon In 1582, married

2、at age 18, then had 3 children. In 1586, left for London to make a fortune By 1584 he emerged as a rising playwright in London, and became soon a central figure in Londons leading theater, acted and wrote for the Lord Chamberlains Men, later renamed as the Kings Men. From 1591 to 1611, the prime of

3、his dramatic career. In 1599 a new theater, called The Globe, was built. In 1603, Hamlet was first printed. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616.,The Globe Theater 1599,The New Globe Theater 1999,Four Periods of His Dramatic Career,a. Period of Early Experimentation (?-1594) b. Period of Rapid Growth

4、and Development (1595-1600) c.Period of Gloom and Depression (1601-1607) d. Period of Calm after Storm (1608-1612),1st period (up to 1594) : one of experimentation.,His early plays, unlike his more mature work, are characterized to a degree by formal and rather obvious construction and by stylized v

5、erse. 5 history plays and 4 comedies. 1592-1598, he finished 154 sonnets.,2nd period (1594-1600): style became highly individualized.,Most important plays concerned with English history. 5 histories: King John, Richard II, Henry IV,and Henry V . 6 Comedies: The Merchant of Vince, A Midsummer Nights

6、Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, The Merry Wives of Window . 2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar,3rdperiod (1601- 1607 ): the most profound of his works.,Greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. In them he used his poetic idiom as an extremely supple dramatic instrument,

7、capable of recording human thought and the many dimensions of given dramatic situations. Major Works: Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure.,4th period (1608-1613): principal romantic tragicomedies.,Shakespeare created several plays that, through the use

8、of magic, art, compassion, or grace, often suggest rescued hope for the human condition. These plays are written with a grave quality differing from Shakespeares earlier comedies, but they end happily with reunions. Major works: Cymbeline, Tempest, Winters Tale. They reflects a change in fashion in

9、the drama of the period.,Back,His Major Plays Sonnets 1-126: are addressed to a beautiful young man on the theme of friendship and beauty. Sonnets 127-152 are addressed to a dark lady, daughter of an Italian singer in London, who was Shakespeares mistress. Sonnets 153-154 are a kind of epigram.,the

10、theme of historical plays,Shakespeares histories are political plays. The principal idea: national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.,Comedy,The comic vision of the world is bright and celebratory. Dark elements give way to joy, love and understanding. Comedy ends happily.,Chara

11、cters of comedy,Two important elements of a happy ending are the idea of the lost being found and marriage. Marriage is the happy conclusion of falling in love and the promise of birth and new life. It is a sign of love, harmony and hope. Mistaken identity, deception, and disguise are common ways of

12、 organizing the plots.,Great Comedies,The Merchant of Vince, A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night,Back,The Merchant of Venice,Bassanio-fortune hunter Portia-celebrated beauty Antonio-the merchant Shylock-the usurer It exposes the evils of the society: greed, malice, racial prejudi

13、ce, money-worship, injustice and cruelty.,Theme of The Merchant of Venice,The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiatable greed and brutality of the Jew. It is regarded now as a sati

14、re of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.,Shakespeares four great tragedies,Hamlet: fighting against the outside evil; Othello: an outward evil causes a mans fall; King Lea

15、r: mans mistakes set free the evils; Macbeth: an outward evil destroys a hero.,Hamlet,King Lear,Othello,Macbeth,All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the time, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the

16、writer condemns the dark and evil society.,The theme of tragedies,Commons and weakness between the characters in his tragedies,The four greatest tragedies have some common characteristics in common. Each portrays a noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situat

17、ion and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is taken advantage of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear, unwilling to

18、 totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity, and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to crimes.,Sonnet,A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iam

19、bic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: a. the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet rhymed abba abba cdecde b. the Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed abab cdcd efef gg.,Back,Shakespearean Sonnet,A Shakespearean, or English sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllables,

20、 and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.,Sonnet 18William Shakespeare,Sh

21、all I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date;Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance o

22、r natures changing course untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,

23、Back,Sonnet 18,Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last

24、for ever. Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry,Sonnet 18: idea analysis,The idea being to compare the poets beloved to a summers day. Until line 8, Shakespeare has compared his object of affection to a summers day, whereas in lines 9-14, the attention is shifted towards arguing that p

25、oetry is immortal. This way Shakespeares loved one is described as unchangeable as opposed to the summer which is depicted as changeable.,Quatrain 1: abab Shall I compare thee (you) to a summers day? 我怎能把你比作夏天炎炎？Thou (you) art (are) more lovely and more temperate:你不独比它可爱也比它温婉： Rough winds do shake t

26、he darling buds of May, 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，And summers lease hath (has) all too short a date: 夏天出赁的期限又未免太过短暂：,gentle,Quatrain 2: cdcd Sometime (sometimes) too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍天的眼睛有时照得太酷烈， And often is his gold complexion dimmed, 它那炳耀的金颜又常遭遮掩； And every fair from fair sometime declines, 没有芳艳

27、不最终凋谢, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: 被机缘或无常的天道所摧残。,the sun,natural color and appearance of the skin of the face,Quatrain 3: efef But thy eternal summer shall not fade,但是你的长夏永远不会凋枯， Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst (you possess),也不会失去你美丽的形相， Nor shall death brag thou wand

28、erst in his shade, 死神也无法夸口你在他影里踯躅，When in eternal lines to time thou growst,你将在不朽的诗中与时间同长。,you grow to time,Couplet: gg So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见， So long lives this (this poem), and this gives life to thee. 我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。,How does the poet answer the question he put

29、s forth in the first line?,Merchant of Venice,The story of “Merchant of Venice” is of Italian origin. There are four characters in it. Shylock-a money lender; Antonio-a Christian merchant; Bassanio-a young man who is the dear friend of Antonio; Portia -a beautiful girl who is the heroine.,Give a bri

30、ef analysis of Shylock, a character in Shakespeares play, The Merchant of Venice,Shylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character in the play. He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is a typical merchant to be made fun of. He is avaricious. He

31、accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan., On the other hand, Shylock is also a tragic figure. He is the victim of the so

32、ciety. He is a Jew. As a minor nationality, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect himself. He is abused by Antonio, and therefore, he wants to get revenge.,Hamlet,Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespe

33、ares art.,Main Characters in Hamlet,Hamlet- the hero of the play Horatio- Hamlets friend Ophelia- Hamlets lover Claudius- Hamlets Uncle Gertrude- Hamlets Mother Polonius- Ophelias father, a garrulous old Chamberlain Laertes- Ophelias brother,哈姆雷特提要,丹麦国王新死，在国外求学的王子Hamlet 回国奔丧，参加的却是母后与叔父Claudius的婚礼。模样

34、似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现，告诉Hamlet是Claudius阴谋杀害了他。Hamlet立志为父复仇。他开始装疯，有意疏远恋人Ophelia；他请来戏班，按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事，以刺探Claudius的反应。后者有所警觉，便派人将Hamlet送往英国，并指使差人带信，让英王处决Hamlet。但阴谋败露， Hamlet回国，得知Ophelia因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。Ophelia的哥哥Laertes愤怒提出与Hamlet决斗，而Claudius则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛，设计让Laertes用沾了毒药的剑将Hamlet刺死。比赛中，Hamlet被毒剑刺中， Laertes也受

35、了致命伤，王后误喝了Claudius为Hamlet准备的毒酒而身亡。 Laertes临死前说出真相，Hamlet杀死了Claudius后也最终死去。,the title character, is the son of the late King of Denmark. He is a student at a school in Wittenburg. He is charged by the ghost of his father to avenge his murder, which he finally succeeds in doing, but only after the res

36、t of the royal house has been wiped out and himself has been mortally wounded with a poisoned rapier by Laertes.,The analysis of the main characters,Claudius: is the current King of Denmark, Hamlets uncle, who succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother. The ghost of King Hamlet tells Prin

37、cess Hamlet that he was murdered by brother while he was asleep. Claudius is killed with a poisoned rapier by Hamlet who, for good measure, also forces him to drink the wine with which he had intended to poison Hamlet.,The analysis of the main characters,Gertrude: is Hamlets mother, the widow of Kin

38、g Hamlet who became the wife of Claudius, a relationship considered incestuous in Shakespeares time. She dies by accidentally drinking poisoned wine intended for Hamlet.,Polonius is Claudiuss chief councillor, who is distrustful of Hamlets relationship with Ophelia. He is a fatuous bore, and Hamlet

39、frequently teases him while pretending to be mentally unbalanced. He is fatally stabbed by Hamlet while hidden behind an arras while trying to eavesdrop upon a conversation between Hamlet and his mother.,Ophelia: is Poloniuss daughter. She and Hamlet have had romantic feeling for each other, althoug

40、h they have been warned that it would be politically inexpedient for them to marry. Jilted by Hamlet as part of his insanity ruse, her fathers death causes her to insane, and she drowns herself in a brook.,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis(诗 it is) nobler in the mind to suffer T

41、he slings No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. 死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。,certain to receive,a final settlement of everything,deeply and sincer

42、ely,It is a metaphor. Hamlet spoke of suicide as a escape. His speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter world- weariness.,To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must

43、give us pause. 死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。,perhaps,there is the difficulty,confused trouble of mortal life,get rid of,Theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the pro

44、ud mans contumely,The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin?,consideration,serious misfortune,fml: disrespectful and offensive behavior or treatment,end his lif

45、e,refuse with angry pride,This speech confirms Hamlets suspicion of afterlife. People would rather suffer life- long miseries than to sleep to undergo the unknown dreams, because comparatively the latter is more fearful.,who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dre

46、ad of something after death, The undiscoverd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of?,burdens,boundary, limit,To be is more difficult and fearful than not to be. The speech indirectly gives Ham

47、let a reason why he has always been hesitating for taking revenge. Hamlet has to live a suspected life between fact and fiction, language and action. It is his speculation and vulnerability as well.,Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer wit

48、h the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action. 这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。,Hamlet thus concludes that the dread of the afterlife leads to excessive moral sensitivit

49、y that makes action impossible.,reflection,a color,unhealthily covered,significance and importance,The revenging theme is interrelated with themes of faithlessness, love and ambition. Contrast is an important structural principle in Hamlet. The suspicion between fact and fiction, language and action

50、.,Hamlet thinks that suicide is a desirable action of escaping, but what will happen after dying? It alludes to hesitation for sleeping/ dying because Hamlet realizes that unknown dreams will make us terrified.,Soliloquy,Soliloquy: or monologue, a dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a ch

51、aracter reveals his or her thoughts when alone or unaware of the presence of other characters.,Soliloquys function,1. to give free and complete expression to a complicated state of mind and feeling of a character 2. to provide a point of view on the events of the play.,Hamlets soliloquy,For such a f

52、igure as Hamlet, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context.,Main Idea: This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and d

53、isadvantages of existence, and whether it is ones right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,Analysis of Hamlet,Hamlet, a frail and weak-minded youth? A thought-sick dreamer? A

54、man active in thought but passive and slow in action? Why does he delay taking revenge for his father? These are the important factors to understand Hamlets character and the play. Hamlet, a humanist, a man free from medieval prejudices and superstitions; has an unbounded love for the world rather t

55、han for heaven; cherishes a profound reverence for man, and a firm belief in mans power over destiny. His intellectual is outstanding. A close observer of men and manners. Through the infidelity of his mother, the servility of the courtiers, the falsehood of his school fellows, and finally the crime

56、 of his uncle, discovers the world wicked and unjust. His observation of the world is summed up in a bitter sentence:” Denmark is a prison”. Melancholy is the key-note of his character. A) Revenge: The triple wrongs: murder, usurpation, incest. By meditation he knows revenge is easy, nut merely pers

57、onal one. His mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him; to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a resign of justice. He has to consider the fate of his country, not merely his personal wrongs. B) Purpose: delay killing Claudius to kill the so

58、ul as well as the body; Responsibilitythen the abrupt death of the king might cause panic to the people and danger to the state, so he considers not his personal wrong but the fate, the future of his country.,Hamlet,Theme Shakespeare retained the revenge subject and subjects of struggle for the thro

59、ne within the court. But the main purpose was for the revelation of something more profound and realistic: contradiction between humanistic and the reality. The conflict centers around the character of Hamlet: how he links the personal revenge with the responsibility of social change, how he contemplates and hesitates conf