湖南科技大学普通化学01绪论

1、2010-9-18,普通化学,General Chemistry,教材：普通化学 (第五版) 浙江大学普通化学教研组编 王明华 徐端钧 周永秋 张殊佳 修订 高等教育出版社，北京 出版年：2002年7月,普通化学 General Chemistry,开课院：化学化工学院 主讲教师：易贵元 授课对象：土木工程学院一级建工地下专业 周一： 5-6 一教 404（第1-10周） 周五： 1-2 一教 204（第4-8周）,课程内容,绪论 第一章 化学热力学基础 第二章 化学反应的方向、限度和速率 第三章 酸碱平衡与沉淀平衡 第四章 电化学基础 第五章 物质结构基础 第六章 元素及其化合物 第七章 高

2、分子化学简介,本课程的考核办法,课堂出勤10% 习题20% 期末70%,作业,认真完成作业,每章交一次（交作业的最大益处是可以得到老师的批改，因此有助于及时发现自己尚未完全理解的问题。所以我们建议同学们选择交作业。） 作业应当按时交给老师，迟交的作业将不会被接受。 按照化学学院规定，教师每次批改三分之一同学的作业。,参考书目,浙江大学普通化学教学组编，普通化学高等教育出版社，2002 傅献彩编，大学化学高等教育出版社，2003 曲保中等编，新大学化学高等教育出版社，2005 张密林主编， 大学化学哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2005 华彤文等编，普通化学原理北京大学出版社，2005 段连运等译，化学

3、与社会化学工业出版社，2008 宋天佑，简明无机化学高等教育出版社，2007 华彤文，陈景祖等著. 普通化学原理第三版.北京大学出版社，2005 Ralph H.Petrucci, William S.Harwood, F.Geoffrey Herring: General Chemistry (Principles and Modern Applications), 8th Edition, Higher Education Press.影印版，高等教育出版社，2004,什么是化学？,一门重要的基础学科（化学与工农业生产和国防现代化，同人民生活和人类社会等都有非常密切的关系，化学是一门中心性

4、的、实用的和创造性的科学，化学与物理一起属于自然科学的基础学科） 研究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化的规律。 Chemistry: (1)the science dealing with the composition and properties of substances, and with the reactions by which substances are produced from or converted into other substances; (2)the application of this to a specified subject or field of a

5、ctivity; (3)the chemical properties，composition, reaction, and uses of a substances; (4) any process of synthesis or analysis similar to that used in chemistry,研究现状,化合物2000万种；时间分辨率：1 fs（femtosecond ）；空间分辨率：0.1nm；分析所需最小量：10-13 g 。 1 化学的分支学科,无机化学：无机物 有机化学：碳氢化合物及衍生物 分析化学：测量和表征 物理化学：所有物质系统 高分子化学：高分子化合物

6、若干新分支：环境化学、核化学等等,2 化学的地位和作用,化学仍是解决食物短缺问题的主要学科之一,化学继续推动材料科学发展,化学是提高人类生存质量和生存安全的有效保障,化学在能源和资源的合理开发和高效安全利用中起关键作用,化学是生命科学的重要支柱,如何学习？,主动学习； 预习和复习； 课堂学习； 课后练习； 与同学交流，讨论； 认真准备考试。,大学与中学不同，知识点多，面广,上课基本要求,课堂上请不要吃东西，如果没有吃饱饭，可以吃完后再进教室； 有问题可以示意老师，也可以下课后给老师提出； 上课时请不要接打手机； 两个作业本； 一个计算器。,科学的学习方法,Observations (data)

7、 are the foundation of the scientific method data can be qualitative or quantitative. data is most useful when collected under controlled conditions (experiments ) experiments must be repeatable and reproducible,定律、规律,Natural laws A law is just a description of a pattern in the data compactly summar

8、ize patterns in a large amount of data often apply only under special conditions are descriptions of nature, not facts or explanations,假设条件,Hypotheses tentative explanations designed to guide experimentation a useful hypothesis must be testable must be rejected or corrected when they conflict with e

9、xperiment,理 论,Theories a well-tested explanation for experimental data based on a set of hypotheses. must be discarded or refined when they cant explain new experimental results scientific theories have three aspects: philosophical, mathematical, and empirical. Understand all three, or risk misusing

10、 the theory!,完善的理论,a good theory. explains currently available data is as simple as possible (but no simpler!) accurately predicts results of future experiments suggests new lines of work and new ways to think clearly shows underlying connections,Problems:,1. The statement, Osmium has a density of 2

11、2.59 g/cm3, which makes it the densest element known is an example of: a hypothesis a law an experimental observation a theory,A natural law is,an explanation that has been proved. a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon obeyed under any circumstances. a description of a pattern or relation

12、ship in experimental data.,物质的区分,Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Substance is matter that has a definite or constant composition and distinct properties. Mixture is a combination of two or more substance in which the substances retain their distinct identities.,Homogeneous mixtu

13、re,The composition of the mixture is the same everywhere. Sugar solution Ice cream,Heterogeneous mixture,A heterogeneous mixture is made of different substances that remain physically separate. Heterogeneous mixtures always have more than one phase (regions with uniform composition and properties A

14、mixture of sand and sugar is a heterogeneous mixture Blood is a heterogeneous mixture because the blood cells are physically separate from the blood plasma,元素、化合物,Element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound is a substance that composed of two o

15、r more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.,物质的划分,problem2,Smoke is an example of a(n): 1)gaseous solution 2)compound 3)heterogeneous mixture 4)homogeneous mixture 5)element,problem3,Antoine Lavoisier, the father of chemistry, listed lime as a chemical element in his table of 33 known el

16、ements. Which of the following observations shows that lime cannot be an element? 1)Lime reacts with water, generating a large amount of heat. 2)Lime melts at a temperature of 2572C. 3)Lime and carbon dioxide are produced when limestone is roasted. 4)When a certain soft metal is burned in oxygen, li

17、me is produced (with no other products).,物质的物理和化学性质,Physical property Measurement of a physical property may change the arrangement but not the structure of the molecules of a material. density, color, boiling point, volume, temperature, and mass.,物质的物理和化学性质,Chemical property : Measurement of a chem

18、ical property involves a chemical change . For example, determining the flammability of gasoline involves burning it, producing carbon dioxide and water.,容量(广度) 性质、强度性质,容量(广度) 性质：Extensive property A property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and charge. 强度性质：Intensive property A property that does not change when the amount of sample changes. Examples are density, pressure, temperature, color.,单位及其表示,SI Units ( International System of Units),单位及其表示,单位及其表示,Mass and Weight Mass is a measure of quantity of matter of an