英语学习策略8.ppt

1、一篇好的作文应达到：1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完 整，内容符合要求；2. 语法基本正确；3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；5. 说理清楚，内容充实。 一篇较差的作文表现为：1 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；3 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,有意识作文法,写作中常见的问题,思维习惯,语言错误,框架意识,词汇匮乏,结构意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,语言意识,1.

2、 英语写作中常见问题 1） 思维习惯 英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造成不切题的直接原因。一些外国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，而不从主题入手展开讨论。汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则喜欢开门见山的叙述主题；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。 Oriental English 我们来看一篇以Trees为题目的作文：,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Trees are mans friends. 1. We can

3、 see trees everywhere. 2. We plant trees every year. 3. We can make tables with trees. 4. Trees also give us fruits to eat. 5. I like to eat fruits very much.,该段的主题句是Trees are mans friends, 写作中心应围绕friends，也就是树的用途展开。但学生没有从friends入手阐明主题，而是绕圈子说了些无关紧要的话，第一、二、五展开句偏离了树的用途这个主题，而是说我们到处可以看见树木；每年都种树；喜欢吃水果等；而且

4、段落框架松散，这样就属于主题句抓不住，中心思想不明确，而且句型单调。,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,再来看改写后的段落： Trees are mans friends. 1.They provide man with timber, fruits and seeds. With timber, man can build houses and make furniture. 2. Fruits are the food, which is necessary to us every day. 3. As for seeds, they can be used to extract oi

5、l. 这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展开，算是一篇好的作文。,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,下文为根据中国式思维方式写就的作文 Most of the scientists of the important academic journals write in English, and in all the international academic meetings, English is widely used. If we master English, we can go to any corner of the world to communicate wit

6、h the people with different mother tongue. So English is important to scientists.(才引出主题),第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,这几句是正确的句子吗? 如果你认为有误, 该怎么改?,1.The meeting will until 3:00.,2.Work hard, you will succeed.,3.I have a brother, who is a doctor. 4. There are only 4 students take part in the class.,last,and,who,

7、taking/to take,2）语言错误,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,3. 词汇匮乏 可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。 Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。 Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit. 3 学会使

8、用形容词、副词,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,陈词滥调,sometimes now and then、 from time to time、 once in a while、 occasionally,show（表明） indicate、 reveal、 suggest、 illustrate、 demonstrate、 manifest,person、people individuals characters,have（有） enjoy、 possess,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,陈词滥调think,believe、 claim、 maintain、 argue、 ins

9、ist、,harbor the idea that、 hold the view that、 it is widely acknowledged that,陈词滥调 important、necessary,essential、 crucial、 indispensable、,of vital importance、 of great momentum/ magnitude/ significance,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,陈词滥调,because of thanks to、 due to、 on account of、 on the grounds of,Many a vari

10、ety of、 numerous、 a wide array of,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,2. 影响写作能力的因素 直接因素： 表达知识和能力-英语表达型词汇水平、汉语写作能力 表达型词汇：学习者能够用于口语或写作的词汇量。 间接因素： 英语阅读能力 领会型语篇知识 英语听力能力,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Why am I always stuck in writing？,不写?,写?,如何写?,写什么?,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,有意识作文法,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,构思的有意识 开篇 文章主体 结尾 语言运用的有意识 词汇运用的有意识

11、句子结构选择的有意识,有意识作文法,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,构思的有意识,按作文类型构思 开篇：开宗明义（what） 主体： 原因/后果分析；提出解决问题的方法/等建议（why they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.,参考答案:,(1) After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the

12、city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of

13、our beautiful city below us， we felt happy though we were tired out.,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句,(2) 主题句: He was kind and shy before a group of naughty girls, but he was very strict in his teaching and with our students. teach usa lot in knowledgeas well as in morality I remembermy final exam Have an i

14、dealook in dictionarysecretly Unfortunatelydiscoversave my face After examcallto his officemy heartbeat fast Instead of scoldingsay kindlyadvisedo goodmovedtears 18 yearspasskeepremind mestudy hardhonest,参考答案:,(2) He taught us a lot in knowledge as well as in morality. I remember the time of my fina

15、l examination. I had the idea of looking in my dictionary secretly. Unfortunately, my secret was discovered by him and he said nothing to save my face. After the examination, I was called to his office. My heart was beating fast. Instead of scolding, he talked kindly to me and advised me to do good.

16、I was moved to tears. Eighteen years has passed, but the lesson remains deep in my memory and always reminds me to study hard and keep honest.,结论句,结论句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用: (1) 表示段落的结束 (2) 总结要点,与主题句相呼应 (3) 供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考,结论句:(推荐),1. (主题句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.) 结尾句: H

17、ow important it is to read good books! 2.(主题句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.) 结尾句: Why shouldnt we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future? 3.(主题句:When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.) 结尾句: Time was gone with the win

18、d. But my childhood is like amber(琥珀), glittering in my life.,感叹句,疑问句,比喻,结论句:(推荐),1. (主题句:From Monday to Friday we go to school, and we have to do homework on Saturday and Sunday. Our rights of enjoying our weekends have been taken away by those who wish us to do well in our lessons.) 结尾句: In short,

19、 for young people, not only are we eager for knowledge but also we are thirsty for colorful lives. Lets become the real masters of weekends. 2.(主题句:Success comes with hard work.) 结尾句:So, as Tomas Edison once said, genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.,总结,概括,引用名言,词汇运

20、用的有意识,比较下面用英语写出的句子。 （1）越来越多的学生发现学英语变得越来越重要了。 More and more students find learning English has become increasingly important. Students in growing numbers find learning English has become increasingly important. （2）如今人们消耗的蔬菜越来越多了。 More and more people are eating vegetables nowadays. Vegetable consumpt

21、ion is on the rise nowadays.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,（3） 经济的发展需要越来越多的服务人员。 We need more and more service people with the development of economy. There is an increasing demand for service people with the development of economy. （4） 越来越多的证据显示第二种管理风格比第一种更有效。 More and more evidence is showing that t

22、he second style of management is more productive than the first one. The evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first one.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,形体化 A.The injured footballer

23、 limped（跛行）slowly off the field. B.The victorious army marched（迈进）into the conquered city. C.The pedestrians rushed（快步走）here and there in the rain. D.The man, whose wife was expecting the first baby, was pacing（踱步）nervously up and down the hospital corridor. E.The manager strode（大步走）into the office

24、and asked who was late for work. F.We wandered（瞎转）around for hours looking for the house. G.She just drags（步履拖沓）along after us wherever we go.,词汇运用的有意识,感官化 A.Rain came down and broke the silence. B.After a long hush, big raindrops came pitter-pattering down, shattering the eerie silence. 细节化 speak讲话

25、talk交谈 tell讲述explain解释 mention提及narrate讲述 lie撒谎 whisper耳语 discuss讨论utter出声 persuade劝说quote引述 libel诋毁 murmur低语 comment、observe、remark评价 declare、announce宣称,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,（3）同义替换 A.We loved the food so much, especially the fish dishes. B.I prefer walking alone. C.I really admire people wh

26、o can work in such difficult conditions. D.I want to travel because I enjoy meeting people and seeing new places. E.She is fond of playing the piano. F.Babies are attracted to bright colours. G.I dont care for coffee. H.Many soccer fans are crazy about David Beckham. I.Hes the first real boyfriend s

27、hes had and shes mad about him. J.Many Westerners are keen on Jackie Chans kungfu films. K.He has been addicted to the drug. L.Some adults are hooked on computer games as well.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,词汇运用的有意识,动词词组 形容词 副词 连接词,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Word

28、s intended in the beginning,A variety of; various ; gradual/sharp growth/development; Become a common part of peoples life; arouse the greatest concern; have been brought into focus; no complete agreement among people as to sth.; the reasons are varied; people have different views on; etc.,Words Int

29、ended in the Body,Entity words: Relation words Comparison and contrast be similar to; similarly; likewise; both; in the same way; resemble; just as; compared with differ from; be different from;unlike; in contrast to; on the other hand; however; otherwise; nevertheless;on the contrary; but; while; a

30、lthough; than,Entity Words （Incremental Learning）,Journalist make up false misleading stories Take stringent measures Fabricate the story The celebrities Professional ethics Cook up the stories and cater for their taste Causing panic Enhance moral education Build a mechanism to guarantee the authent

31、icity of the news Prosecuted and fined Penalized,Words Intended in the Body, gradation Furthermore; in addition; additionally; plus; besides; what is more; moreover sequence to begin with; firstly secondly; thirdly; in the first place; in the second place. Last but not the least; on the one hand; on

32、 the other hand. Etc Illustration,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,A case in point; for example; for instance; take sth. for example; take sth. for instance cause-effect Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason，therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in co

33、nsequence, accordingly, hence, thus , the reasons why/for are/lie in , results in , result from,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Concluding part, Emphasis (connectives) From what has been mentioned above; what matters most; more weight/ value / importance/attention would be attached to ; weighing up these two arg

34、uments; taking above-mentioned factors into account/ consideration; therefore; thus; hence,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,To sum up, to conclude, to summarize, In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief, So, therefore, thus, We can come to the conclusion that point shift (connectiv

35、es) Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though, Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,在措词(En

36、tity words)方面存在的问题：,可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。 Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。 Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit. 3 学会使用形容词、副词,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,策略

37、,调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。 Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth to 用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。 Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage of 文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以原词，同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。 Adapt to, adjust, makefit, get used to, be accustomed to,第八讲 英语学习

38、策略英语写作学习策略,Compare the Following Sentences We should use different ways to get to know the society. We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society. We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society. There was only silence in the room There was nothing

39、but silence in the room 选词的基本原则 尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的,常用的词或词组. 尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语. 尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达. 最吸引眼球的词汇(eye-catching words).,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,句式选择的有意识,从句 分词作状语 If虚拟条件句 并列、排比句式 倒装句 谚语、名言警句等,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,分词(尤其是结尾部分),Everything (being) taken into consideration, the plan seems more pract

40、icable. (=If everything is taken into consideration, ),第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,副词等短语,Only, never, little, seldom, not, not only, not until, no sooner (than), hardly (when), rarely, scarcely, in no way等。 only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他 Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened. Only in this

41、way can you make progress in your English/solve/ address/cope with/ handle the issue.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,并列和排比,“We are slaves to nothing but the clock, ” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it;

42、 we also charge for it.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,引用名言谚语法,用名人名言或谚语，俗语等，这些语句常具有权威性或为大家所公认，引用在文章中有一定的说服力。 “Of all treasures”, says an ancient saint, “knowledge is the most precious, for it can neither be stolen, given away, nor consumed,” From that, we can see the great importance of education. Human beings

43、are pound foolish but penny wise for they do not attach weight to protecting and preserving environment.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头。受汉语表达的影响，很多考生都喜欢以I, People, We等开头！ Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. It is widely / commonly thought / believed / held / accepted

44、that birth control is quite necessary in China.,常见例子比较,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the last 15 years. The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States. We almost forget this event. This event is now almost fading from our memory. St

45、udents should certainly make continuous efforts. Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,不要千篇一律地使用主动语态，英语中被动结构的使用频率远远高于汉语！ We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve our English. We know very little about

46、the nature of human beings. Little is known about the nature of human beings.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools. Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands. We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children. More t

47、hought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,不要总是使用“如果”,“因为”“当”等口语意味较重的句子，要注意使用书面语体的句子。 if you compare bicycles with cars, you will find bicycles are superior to cars. Careful comparison of bicycles with cars will show the superiority of the former over t

48、he latter. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results. The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,Because we cannot apply book knowledge to practice, we cannot handle real problems in society. The inability to apply book knowledge to pr

49、actice prevents us from handling real problems in society. Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it. Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,要学会用名词性结构来表达意思。 It is time for us to revise educational system and then provi

50、de it to our society. It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system. The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people. The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,不要总

51、是用肯定句来表达，要学会用否定句来表达肯定的意思。 Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements. It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements. Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost. There is hardly a young boy and girl who d

52、oesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,恰当地使用排比、平行句（模仿）。 The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people. Through the controversy we can also see the determination of our government. The nationwide controversy over the current refo

53、rms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.,第八讲 英语学习策略英语写作学习策略,不同作文经常用的句式（比较）,the advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. the advantages of A are much greater than those of B. A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. it is reasonable

54、 to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that. for all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. like anything else, it has its faults. A and B has several points in common.,不同作文经常用的句式（原因）,a number of factors are accountable for this situation. a number of factors might contr

55、ibute to (lead to /account for ) the phenomenon (problem). 2. the answer to this problem involves many factors. the phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that. the factors that contribute to this situation include.,不同作文经常用的句式（结/后果）,it may give rise to a host of problems. the immediate result it produces is . it will exerci