解剖学-细胞结构-(英文)Anatomy-Cell-Structure.pptx

1、Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1 By: XiangYu Zhang (Leo) Student ID: 6116,Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1,Cells Structure The cells is basic living unit (basic structural and functional) of all organisms. There are different types of cells such as Egg cell, Sperm cell, Muscl

2、e cell and so on.,Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is basically substance that fills the cell and located out side the nucleus. It contains organelles and inclusions in An aqueous gel called the cytoplasmic Matrix.,Nucleus Is a membrane bound structure that containes the cells hereditary information and cont

3、rols the cells growth and reproduction. Contains a blueprint for all cell structures and activities encoded in the DNA of the chromosomes. Functional ribosomes do not occur in the nucleus.,Inclusions The materials in cytoplasm and usually not surrounded by a plasma membrane. (eg. secretory granules,

4、 Pigment, stored waste products etc.),Organelles Is a specialized subunit within a cell that has specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.,Chromatin In charge for characteristic basophilia of the nucleus. A combination of DNA and proteins. Nucleolus The p

5、lace of ribosomal RNA synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly, nonmembranous, Varies in size And more than 1 nucleolus in some cells. Nuclear envelope The double layered membrane that envelopes the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the contents of the nucleus. Nuclear skeleton Nucleoplasm,Ti

6、ssue components stain more readily with basic dyes are termed basophilic, Those stain better with acidic dyes are termed acidophilic.,H & E staining: Hematoxylin stains DNA of the cell nucleus and other acidic structures Blue. Eosin stains other cytoplasmic components and collagen Pink.,Heterochroma

7、tin Densely staining material,Euchromatin Lightly staining material,Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1 By: XiangYu Zhang (Leo) Student ID: 6116,Membranous organelles Separate the internal environment of the organelle from the cytoplasm and with plasma membranes,Plasma Membrane Composed of

8、an amphipathic lipid layer containing embedded membrane proteins with peripheral membrane proteins and its attached to surfaces. As a “Modified fluid-mosaic model” Membrane consists primarily of phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein molecules. That lipid molecules form a lipid bilayer with an amphi

9、pathic character. Its form a bilayer with their fatty acid chains facing each other, And making the inner portion of the membrane hydrophobic. The membrane surface are formed by the polar head groups of the lipid molecules to make hydrophilic. Most proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer or p

10、ass through the lipid bilayer completely to become Integral membrane proteins. The other types of proteins are not embedded to become Peripheral membrane proteins. On the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane, carbohydrates may be attached to proteins to forming Glycoproteins and lipids of bi

11、layer to forming glycolipids. They help establish extracellular microenvironments At the membrane surface that have specific functions in metabolism, cell recognition, and cell association and serve as receptor sites for hormones. About substances get in or get out he cell: Traverse the plasma membr

12、ane: Some substance cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion down their concentration gradient. Others require membrane transport proteins to provide them with individual passage across the plasma membrane. Vesicular Transport Vesicular transport-it is a process that involves configurational ch

13、anges in the plasma membrane at localised sites and subsequent formation from the membrane or fusion of vesicles. Endocytosis: the substances enter the cell Exocytosis: the substances exit the cell,Organelles,6 categories of integral proteins Pumps-Transport ions and actively across membranes Channe

14、ls-Allow the passage of small ions, molecules, and water across the plasma. Receptor proteins-Allow binding of substances to the outer surface. Linker proteins-Anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton. Enzymes-Disaccharidases and Dipeptidases. Structural proteins-The proteins and lipids are concentrate

15、d in localised regions.,Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1 By: XiangYu Zhang (Leo) Student ID: 6116,Rough endoplasmic Reticulum Specialised for protein secretion (such as: pancreatic acinar cells, fibroblasts, plasma cells) Cisternae. Basophilic. And function is segregate proteins. The des

16、tinations of proteins synthesized in rough ER: Intracellular storage. As integral membrane proteins. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Similar structurally to the rough ER and consists of short anastomosing tubules, but not associated with ribosomes. Function in lipid metabolism, segregates Ca2+ ions in

17、skeletal and cardiac muscle. And involved in detoxification. Golgi Apparatus Proteins and other molecules modification and maturation in GA and GA developed in secretory cells. Often described as the packing and shipping department, modifies, sorts, packages, and delivers enzymes to lysosomes. The G

18、A does not stain with H&E. Mitochondria With enzyme arrays specialised for aerobic respiration and ATP production. Some of the energy released in mitochondria to maintains body temperature. A lot of mitochondria is related to the cells energy needs. Mitochondria are in all cells but not RBC and term

19、inal keratinocytes. Its possess two membranes. Lysosomes Lysosomes are rich in hydrolytic enzymes (such as proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases) Particularly abundant in cells with great phagocytic activity and participate in digestion of extracellular substances. The primary

20、lysosomes have pinched off from the Golgi cisternae, secondary contains the material to digested. Endosomes The endosomes is membrane-bounded compartments interposed within endocytotic pathways. Major function is sorting proteins. Peroxisome Involved in the production and degradation of H2O2 and deg

21、radation of fatty acids. Present in a cell increases in response to diet, drugs, and hormonal stimulation.,Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1 By: XiangYu Zhang (Leo) Student ID: 6116,Nonmembranous organelles Without plasma membranes,Microtubules Non-branching and rigid hollow tubes of prot

22、ein and it can disassemble in one location and reassemble in another. Microtubules located near the nucleus and extend toward the cell periphery and create a system of connections within the cell. Its grow up in the microtubule-organising center, the wall is about 5nm thick and consists of 13 circul

23、arly arrayed globular tubulin molecules. Microtubules are doing cellular activities that relate to cytoskeletal function which are: Elongation and movement Intracellular transport Movement or chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis Maintenance the cell shape Beating of cilia and flagella Filaments Mi

24、crofilaments and Intermediate filaments are 2 basic types of filaments. Microfilaments: 2 types present in muscle cells: actin myofilaments(present in virtually all cell types) and myosin myofilaments. The functions of Microfilaments: Anchorage and movement of membrane proteins Endocytosis and exocy

25、tosis Formation of the structural core of microvili Extension of cell processes and Locomotion of cells. Intermediate filaments: means supporting or general structural. Centrioles It paired, short, rod-like cytoplasmic cylinders built from nine microtubule triplets. Usually close to nucleus and ofte

26、n partially surrounded by the Golgi Apparatus Centrioles provide basal bodies for cilia and flagella and align the mitotic spindle during cells division. Ribosomes The ribosomes are small electron-dense particles and consist of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes contains 2 different

27、 sized subunits. In eukaryotic cells, the RNA molecules of both subunits are synthesized within the nucleus. And those 2 subunits leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm to participate in protein synthesis.,Assessment 1: Weekly Lesson Summary - Week 1 By: XiangYu Zhang (Leo) Student ID: 6116,Cell

28、Division The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell. There 2 types of cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis. DNA within parent cell is distributed to daughter cells during cell division. Each cell contain 46 (diploid) chromosomes, but sex cells have 23. one pair of 23 is sex chromosome

29、: XX for female and XY for male. Remaining 22 pairs are called autosomes.,Cell Cycle The cell pass through a regular series of events with 6 phases. Interphase (G1, S, G2): G1 phase: is the first gap, longest part, differentiated cells exit the cycle in this stage and stop dividing. S phase: synthes

30、is, and DNA is replicated in this phase. Then the G2 phase is the second gap and doing main synthesis. M Phase(Mitosis): in this phase, the cells chromosomes division occurs. C phase(Cytokinesis): is Division of the whole cell occur. Mitosis All cells divide by Mitosis but for those that give rise t

31、o sex cells. And its involve 2 steps: Genetic material within a cell is replicated and cell divides to form 2 daughter cells. There are 4 stages of mitosis (PMAT): Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Then, centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell an nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear. The Microtubules (spindle fibres) extend from the centrioles to centromeres. Metaphase: The chromosomes align in the cells centre in association with he spindle fibres. Anaphase: the chromatids separa