离子膜电解技术介绍.ppt

1、2020/8/2,1,PRESENTATION TO 离子膜电解技术介绍,2020/8/2,2,Table of Contents 目 录,AIntroduction 介绍 BMembrane Handling and Treatment 离子膜的处理 DElectrolyzer Operation 电解槽的操作 EEffect of Operating Conditions on Performance 操作情况对性能的影响 E1 Caustic Impurities 碱液纯度 FEffect of Impurities on Performance 杂质对性能的影响 F1 Cationic

2、 and Organic Brine Impurity Effects 阳离子及有机物的影响 F2 Anionic Brine Impurity Effects 盐水中阴离子杂质的影响 GNafion Technical Service Nafion的技术服务 HDuPont Nafion Contacts 及杜邦的联系方法,2020/8/2,3,A. Introduction介绍,Cellroom Safety Aspects 电解区域的安全知识 Definitions 定义 Membrane Electrolysis 离子膜电解,2020/8/2,4,Cellroom Safety Asp

3、ects电解区域的安全知识,2020/8/2,5,Physical Hazards 有形的危险 Explosive, Flammable 23C 干的(参照50%湿度;23),Hot Water Expanded Alkaline DI Water pH = 10, 23C 热的碱性水扩展,In cell operation 200 gpl NaCl anolyte 32% NaOH catholyte,100 cm,100 cm,109 cm*,105 cm*,105 cm*,109 cm*,After TX Treatment 经 TX 处理后,109 cm*,109 cm*,湿的状态下保

4、存 Wet Storage pH = 10 23C,107 cm*,107 cm*,操作状态,2020/8/2,67,Polymer Expansion 聚合物扩展,常温进水中,2020/8/2,68,Reinforcement Effect 增强纤维的膨胀,2020/8/2,69,Expansion of Different Products各类产品的膨胀,2020/8/2,70,Stress/Strain Curve of PTFEPTFE的应力/应变曲线,延伸,应力,2020/8/2,71,Cyclic Effects 循环效应,温度,2020/8/2,72,D. Electrolyze

5、r Operation 电槽操作,2020/8/2,73,Electrolyzer Operation 电槽操作,Start-up Initial Operation 首次开车操作 Steady-state Operation 正常操作 Shutdown 停车 Restart 重新开车,See electrolyzer operating manual for details 详见电槽操作手册,2020/8/2,74,Start-up 开车,Fill electrolyzer 进槽 Fill electrolyzer, keeping membrane against anode 进槽时要保持

6、膜靠近阳极一侧 Fill cathode compartment with caustic (28-32%) 阴极进碱, 碱浓度为28-32%. Fill anode compartment with brine (270-305 gpl NaCl, pH2) 阳极侧进盐水, 浓度为270-305 g/l NaCl, pH2.,2020/8/2,75,Temperature and Caustic Strength Interaction at Start-Up 开车期间温度和碱浓度的影响,Low temperature and/or high % NaOH at start-up can p

7、ermanently lower CE 在开车期间低的温度和/或高的碱浓度会造成电流效率的永久下降. Effect greatest at 3 kA/m2 在3 kA/m2以上时影响尤其大. A combination of high temperature and moderate caustic concentration is recommended for start-up (low resistivity - high conductivity) 推荐在开车期间采用高的温度和适当碱液浓度(低电阻 高传导率),2020/8/2,76,General Operating Variable

8、s 常规操作变量,NaCl concentration NaClO3 pH Temperature,Chloride content 氯含可量 Other impurities 其它杂质 Temperature 温度,Current 电流 Voltage 电压 Current efficiency 电流效率 Differential Pressure (d/p) 压差,NaCl concentration NaCl 浓度 pH Impurities 杂质 Temperature 温度,Feed Caustic,DI H2 O,Membrane,Na+,Cl-,OH-,Cl2,H2O,Cl-,阳

9、极液,阴极液,进槽盐水,进槽碱液,纯水,2020/8/2,77,Effect of Startup Temperature and Caustic Concentration on Current Efficiency 开车温度和碱液浓度对电流效率的影响,Instantaneous S/U of an Individual Electrolyzer Should be in Preferred Zone and CD of 3kA/m2 单台电槽开车应保持在最佳区域内,并使电流密度小于3kA/m2,24 25 26 27 28 29 3 0 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

10、 40,100 90 80 70 60 50,Allowed S/U 允许范围,S/U Preferred 最佳区域,Temperature (oC),Caustic Concentration (%NaOH) 碱液浓度,Area of Reduced Current Efficiency 该区域会降低电流效率,温度,2020/8/2,78,Initial Operation 首次开车,Maintain preferred concentrations 维持最佳的浓度 28-32% NaOH catholyte for initial 48 hours 48小时内保持阴极浓度在28-32% 3

11、0-33% NaOH after 48 hours 48小时后保持阴极浓度在30-32% 190-230 gpl NaCl anolyte - avoid low concentrations ( 2 保持阳极液pH 2,2020/8/2,79,Conductivity of Carboxylate Polymer羧酸层的导电性,Conductivity x 105 导电率 X 105 (-1 cm-1),90 oC,72 oC,52 oC,% NaOH,2020/8/2,80,Sodium Diffusion Through Carboxylate Polymer钠离子扩散穿过羧酸层,Dif

12、fusion 扩散 (cm2 sec-1),90 oC,80 oC,70 oC,% NaOH,2020/8/2,81,Nafion Membrane ResistivityNafion 离子膜的电阻率,Resistivity 电阻率 ( cm2),Temp oC 温度,35 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl,Knee in Curve Occurs Here 曲线的拐点在这里,2020/8/2,82,Nafion Membrane ResistivityNafion离子膜的电阻率,Resistivity 电阻率 ( cm2),温度 Temp oC,35 %NaOH, 300 gpl Na

13、Cl,30 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl,25 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl,2020/8/2,83,Void Area Location 无效区域的位置,磺酸层,羧酸层,无效区域的位置 一般要放大30倍,2020/8/2,84,Void Appearance, Location & Cause 无产区的外观、位置及原因,Voids typically appear as a “frothy” area of a membrane, usually close to the cathode surface. 无效区一般出现在膜的“起泡”区，通常靠近阴极面。 Voids ar

14、e always caused by low conductivity operation, including low temperature, high caustic strength, over-acidification, poor current distribution, etc. 无效区一般由低传导性引起，包括低温、高碱浓度、过酸及电流分布不均等。,2020/8/2,85,Steady State Operating Variables High Performance Nafion Membranes 高性能膜稳定状态的操作变量,200,000 ohm-cm Temperat

15、ure 温度,Anolyte NaCl 阳极液,Feed NaCl 进槽盐水,Cl2,H2,Na+,H2O,Cl-,Cl,-,OH,H2O,-,Catholyte 阴极液,Feed NaOH 进槽碱,DI H2O,Membrane 膜,190-230 gpl pH 2 80-95 C,Impurities 杂质 Chlorine 氯气 pH 1.5 Temperature 温度,80-95o C 1.5-6 kA/m2 Positive P 正压差 (catholyte-anolyte) Reverse current 反向电流,2020/8/2,86,Recommended Operatin

16、g Conditions and Monitoring Frequency推荐的操作条件及监测频率,1-2 See Nafion Users Guide 1-2 参看离子膜的用户指导手册,2020/8/2,87,Recommended Operating Conditions and Monitoring Frequency - continued推荐的操作条件及监测频率 续,2-9 See Nafion Users Guide 2-9 参看离子膜的用户指导手册,2020/8/2,88,Recommended Operating Conditions and Monitoring Freque

17、ncy - continued推荐的操作条件及监测频率 续,10-11 See Nafion Users Guide 10-11参看离子膜的用户指导手册,2020/8/2,89,Shutdown 停车,Shut off current 停直流电 Maintain positive pressure H2 system 保持氢系统正压 Maintain brine feed and feed caustic flows 继续进碱及盐水 Maintain membrane against anode 保持膜靠近阳极侧 H2 header pressure Cl2 氢气压力大于氯气压力 Avoid

18、pressure fluctuations 避免压力波动 Purge active Cl2 from anode chamber 排净系统中的游离氯 Prevent Cl2 migration back into the anode 防止氯气倒回阳极 Stop acid flow before shutting off current 断电之前停止加酸 Prevent membrane damage from pH 2 以防强酸性损坏膜 Stop catholyte make-up H2O flow 停止向阴极液中加纯水,2020/8/2,90,Safe Anolyte/Catholyte C

19、oncentrations During Shutdown 停车期间安全的阴极液/阳极液浓度,Catholyte WT. 阴极液浓度 % NaOH,Anolyte NaCl Concentration Grams/Liter at 23oC 阳极液在23时的浓度g/l,150 200 250 300,150 200 250 300 320,Preferred 最佳,May result in membrane damage (Delamination) 可能损坏膜（分层）,30,30,20,10,20,10,25,15,Start-up 开车,2020/8/2,91,Long Term Out

20、ages (6 Hours or More) 长时间停车（6小时以上）,Cool electrolyzer (20o - 60o C) 冷却电槽 （20 60 ） Maintain brine and caustic feed flow rates 保持进槽盐水和碱液的流量 Complete brine overflow ppm NaOH pickup test (pinhole test) 做盐水出口ppm NaOH 增量（测试是否有小孔） Maintain higher ionic strength in catholyte than anolyte 保持阴极液的流量大于阳极液的流量 Ch

21、eck concentrations periodically to minimize membrane and electrode damage - (available Cl2 in brine, pH of brine, NaCl in NaOH) 定期检查浓度，将对膜及电极的损伤减到最小。- 盐水中的游离氯、盐水pH值、碱中含NaCl等）。,2020/8/2,92,Drainage of Electrolyzers 电槽排放,Last resort option 作为最后一项手段 Maintain brine and caustic flows 保持盐水和碱的流量 Purge gas

22、headers of Cl2 and H2 向氯氢总管充空气/氮气。 Dilute feed brine to 200-240 gpl NaCl) for 1 hour (minimum) and no free chlorine 用稀盐水(200-240 g/l NaCl)进槽至少一小时，无游离氯。 Stop brine and caustic flows 停进槽盐水/碱。 Isolate electrolyzer from headers - open air vents into electrolyzer 将电槽与总管断开 开电槽放空阀。 Start brine drain 开始盐水排放

23、 After 5 minutes start caustic drain 五分钟后开始排碱 Maintain humid environment inside electrolyzer 保持槽内湿润,2020/8/2,93,Removal of Membranes from Electrolyzers 移开电槽中的离子膜,Keep electrolyzer humid until disassembly 保持电槽湿润，直到拆槽。 Fill both sides of electrolyzer with DI water and drain 向电槽阴阳极进纯水 Disassemble caref

24、ully 小心地拆槽 Rinse membranes with DI water to remove salts 用纯水洗拆下的膜, 以除去盐. Store for reuse flat and wet, wrapped in polyethylene film 平放, 保持湿润, 用聚乙烯薄膜包好, 以备再用. DO NOT store on a roll, folded, or dry 不要卷放、折叠或干放。,2020/8/2,94,Pretreatment of Membranes for Reinstallation重新安装之前膜的处理,Hot alkaline water treat

25、 membranes for 4 hours before installation of used sheets 重新安装前，要用热的碱性水浸泡小时。 Recommend 60C - 70C 推荐温度60 - 70 For expected start-up within a day or two, use alkaline water with 0.1% to 0.5% caustic 在预期开车前一、二天，由0.1% 到 0.5% 碱液进槽 For expected start-up after a longer period, use 1.25% +/- 0.75% caustic 如

26、果预期开车时间还很长，用1.25% +/- 0.75%碱液进槽,2020/8/2,95,Restart重新开车,Heat up (achieve minimum temperature of 70 deg C) 加热系统（达到最低温度70） Check concentrations before restarting 重新开车之前作分析 Brine pH2 盐水pH2 Maintain 28-32% catholyte 保持阴极液浓度在28-32% Verify gpl NaCl in brine system 270 (240 gpl for KCl) 确认盐水浓度 270 g/l NaCl

27、(240 g/l KCl),2020/8/2,96,Initial “New” Plant / “New” Membrane Startup Conditionsfor Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers新装置新膜的开车条件,Catholyte NaOH Concentration, WT.% 阴极液碱浓度,Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC 电槽阴极液温度,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,20,10,20 25 30 35 40,20 25 30 35 40,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,

28、10,30,20,Possible Blister Damage 可能产生水泡,Possible Irreversible Void Damage (Low Conductivity) 可能造成不可逆转的损坏 （低传导性）,Preferred Startup 最佳,Allowed Startup 允许开车区域,2020/8/2,97,Blister Formation 水泡的形成,Anode Layer 阳极层,Reinforcement 加强层,Cathode Layer 阴极层,Normal 正常,Blistered 有水泡,2020/8/2,98,Recommended Operatin

29、g Conditions推荐的操作条件for Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers,B Preferred Operating Zone for up to 6.0 kA/m2 首选的操作区域 直到6.0 kA/m2 B1 Allowed Operating Zone for 1.5 - 4.0 kA/m2 允许的操作区域1.5 - 4.0 kA/m2 B2 Allowed Operating Zone for 1.5 - 2.0 kA/m2 允许的操作区域1.5 - 2.0 kA/m2,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,20,10,20 25 30 3

30、5 40,20 25 30 35 40,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,10,30,20,Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC 电槽阴极液温度,Catholyte NaOH Concentration, 阴极液浓度 WT.%,Possible Blister Damage 可能产生水泡,Possible Irreversible Void Damage (Low Conductivity) 可能造成不可逆转的损坏 （低传导性）,Reduced C.E.,B,B2,B1,2020/8/2,99,Shutdown Conditions for

31、 Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers Nafion离子膜运用于电槽时的停车条件,Allowed Shutdown Box,Catholyte NaOH Concentration, WT% 阴极液NaOH浓度，wt%,Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC 电解槽阴极液温度,Possible Blister Damage 可能产生水泡,Possible Wrinkle Formation,2020/8/2,100,“Used” Membrane Re-Startup Conditions “旧膜”重新开车条件“for Nafi

32、on Membranes in Electrolyzers,Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC 电槽阴极液温度,Possible Blister Formation 可能会产生水泡,Possible Irreversible Void Damage (Low Conductivity) 可能造成不可逆转的损坏 （低传导性）,Preferred Re-Startup,Allowed Re-Startup,Permitted Transition Without Power 在不通电的情况下, 允许在此区域过渡,A2,A1,Catholyte NaOH Co

33、ncentration, WT.% 阴极液浓度,2020/8/2,101,Safe Anolyte/Catholyte Concentrations During Shutdown 停车期间安全的阴极液阳极液浓度,阴极液浓度 Catholyte WT. % NaOH,Anolyte NaCl Concentration阳极液浓度g/l Grams/Liter at 23oC,150 200 250 300,150 200 250 300 320,Preferred 首选区域,May result in membrane damage (delamination) 可能损坏膜（分层）,30,30

34、,20,10,20,10,25,15,25,15,2020/8/2,102,Required Feed Brine Temperature 要求的盐水进料温度for Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers, 2.0 kA/m2,Possible Blister Damage 可能起泡,85,80,75,70,65,60,55,50,45,20 25 30 35 40,20 25 30 35 40,85,80,75,70,65,60,55,50,45,Catholyte NaOH, WT.% 阴极液浓度, WT%,Feed Brine Temperature oC 进

35、料盐水温度,Possible Irreversible Void Damage (Low Conductivity) 可能造成不可逆转损坏(低传导性),2020/8/2,103,Start-up Operating Diagram 开车操作图表,开车,开车,开车,进料盐水流量,进料碱液流量,电流,氯氢总管压力,温度,氢总管充氮,氯总管充空气,阴极液中加纯水,2020/8/2,104,Shut-down Operating Diagram 停车操作图表,进料盐水流量,进料碱液流量,电流,氢总管压力,氢总管充氮,氯总管充空气,阴极液中加纯水,氯总管压力,停车,停车,停车,2020/8/2,105,

36、Pressure Operation 压力操作,Chlorine and Hydrogen Headers Pressure Control 氯氢总管压力控制,Stability is extremely important to having long membrane life (abrasion damage)压力稳定对于延长膜的寿命非常重要(磨损) Effect is cumulative (you eventually pay for your past sins) 磨损效果是一个累积过程,最终你将为操作失误付出代价 Overpressure and underpressure pr

37、otection setpoints 过压及真空保护,2020/8/2,106,Membrane Abrasion Damage 离子膜的磨损损坏,Hydrogen 氢气,Chlorine 氯气,Membrane Damage 膜损坏,Time 时间,2020/8/2,107,Differential Gas Header Pressure气体的压差,Time 时间,Gas Header Pressure (Inches W.C.),Hydrogen 氢气,Chlorine 氯气,气体的压差,2020/8/2,108,E. Effect of Operating Conditions on P

38、erformance 压力下操作对性能的影响,2020/8/2,109,Electrolyzer Conditions 电槽条件 Anolyte Conditions 阳极液条件 Catholyte Conditions 阴极液条件,Effect of Operating Conditions on Membrane Performance 压力下操作对离子膜性能的影响,2020/8/2,110,Water Transport vs. Anolyte Concentration NAFION Membranes NAFION离子膜水的传输与阳极液浓度之间的关系,DuPont Laborator

39、y Cell 杜邦实验电槽 3.1 kA/m2 90o C,Probability of Blistering Increases 可能会产生水泡,Normal Operation 正常操作,10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0,0 50 100 150 200 250,Anolyte Concentration gpl NaCl 阳极液浓度,Water Transport moles H2O moles Na+,Reduced Current Efficiency 降低电流效率,水的传输,2020/8/2,111,Effect of Anolyte Conditions - Acid

40、ity 阳极液酸性条件的影响,HCl addition can reduce oxygen in chlorine 盐酸可降低氯中含氧 Maintain anolyte and feed brine pH2 保持阳极液和进料盐水 pH2 Membranes must not become acidified (protonated) 膜一定不能变成酸性 COOH nonconductive COOH基团不传导 Poor mixing can cause local damage near inlet 混和不好可能造成进口附近损坏 Blistering (permanent damage) 起泡

41、（永久损坏）,2020/8/2,112,Effect of Anolyte Conditions Active Chlorine 阳极液游离氯的影响,Available chlorine in the anolyte during standby can cause: 停车期间游离氯的存在会造成： Cathode corrosion 阴极腐蚀 NaCl precipitation in the membrane (lowered CE) NaCl沉积在膜中（降低电流效率） Hypochlorite migrates through the membrane 次氯酸盐迁移穿过膜 Availabl

42、e chlorine in the anolyte must be purged with a brine flush 必须用盐水置换掉阳极液中的游离氯,2020/8/2,113,Effect of Catholyte Conditions Cathode Corrosion 阴极液条件的影响，阳极腐蚀,Cathode corrosion during shutdown or standby 停车期间，阴极的腐蚀： Favorable conditions for corrosion 可能造成腐蚀的因素： Chlorine or hypochlorite migration 氯气或次氯酸盐的迁

43、移 Battery effect (reverse current) 电池效应（反向电流） Activated cathodes can require special care 活性阴极要求格外当心 Corrosion can cause a voltage increase due to nickel precipitation in the membrane from the cathode side. 腐蚀会造成槽电压升高，因为阴极侧的镍会沉积在膜中,2020/8/2,114,E1 Caustic Impurities 碱液中的杂质,Some can affect membrane p

44、erformance 有些杂质会影响到膜的性能 Si Fe Ni TOC,2020/8/2,115,Caustic Impurities 碱液杂质,Some can affect caustic purity 有些杂质会影响碱液纯度 Chlorides (Cl-) Chlorates (ClO3-) Sulfates (SO4=) Fe Ni,2020/8/2,116,Caustic Impurities 碱液杂质,Some can affect cathode performance 有些会影响到阴极性能 Fe Hg TOC,2020/8/2,117,Effect of Catholyte

45、Conditions Caustic Impurities 阴极液条件的影响 碱液杂质,Caustic make-up water should be deionized (or condensate or soft H2O) so that resistance is 200,000 ohm-cm for caustic purity. 为了保证碱液的纯度，加入阴极液中的纯水必须是无离子水（或冷凝水或软水），电阻率必须大于200,000 -cm。,2020/8/2,118,Effect of Catholyte Conditions Caustic Impurities 阴极液条件的影响 碱

46、液杂质,Can come from: 阴极液杂质可能来自： Catholyte make-up water 加入到阴极液中的水 Brine 盐水 Electrode corrosion 电极腐蚀 Process equipment (tanks, pipes, valves, etc.) 工艺设备（贮槽、管道、阀门等）,2020/8/2,119,Caustic Impurities 碱液杂质,Chlorides, Chlorates and Sulfates (from anolyte) 氯化物、氯酸盐和硫酸盐（来自阳极液） Affected by temperature, CD, CE an

47、d concentrations in anolyte 受温度、电流密度、电流效率及在阳极液中的浓度影响 Fe Can cause activated cathode overvoltage rise 会造成活性阴极过电压上升 Dissolves into catholyte as Fe+ during shutdown and diffuses into membrane 停车期间以Fe+的形式溶解在阴极液中并扩散进入膜 Can cause membrane blister (voltage escalation possible) damage on restart 重新开车时会造成膜起泡

48、（可能会引起电压上升）,2020/8/2,120,Chlorate in NaOH Effect of Anolyte Chlorate Concentration 盐水中的氯酸盐对碱中氯酸盐的影响,NaClO3 in 50% NaOH, ppm 50%碱中的氯酸盐,2020/8/2,121,Chlorates in Caustic Influencing Factors 碱中含氯酸盐的影响因素,Electrical field attraction 电场的作用 Electro-osmotic water flow 随着水的渗透 Diffusion 扩散 Membrane anion reje

49、ction 离子膜是拒绝阴离子通过的,2020/8/2,122,Chlorate in NaOH Effect of Temperature 温度对碱中含氯酸盐的影响,NaClO3 in 50% NaOH, ppm 碱中氯酸盐含量,50 60 70 80 90 100,温度 Temperature, oC,50 40 30 20 10 0,Laboratory typical 典型的实验条件,2020/8/2,123,Chlorate in NaOH Effect of Current Density 电流密度对碱中氯酸盐含量的影响,NaClO3 in 50% NaOH, ppm,2.0 2.

50、2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2,60 50 40 30 20,Current Density, kA/m2 电流密度,Laboratory typical 典型的实验条件,2020/8/2,124,NAFION N982,Effect of Current Density 电流密度的影响,杜邦实验电槽 DuPont Laboratory Cell 90 oC - 200 gpl anolyte 阳极液 32 % NaOH Narrow gap 小极距 DSA anode - activated cathode 阴、阳极活性涂层,Current Efficiency, % 电流效率,

51、Cell Voltage, V 槽电压,电耗 Power Consumption, DC kWh/MT NaOH,2.50,2.75,3.00,3.25,3.50,88,90,92,94,96,1,3,5,1600,1800,2000,2200,2400,kA/m2,2020/8/2,125,NAFION N2010,2.50,2.75,3.00,3.25,3.50,88,90,92,94,96,1,3,5,1600,1800,2000,2200,2400,kA/m2,Effect of Current Density 电流密度的影响,杜邦实验电槽 DuPont Laboratory Cell

52、 90 oC - 200 gpl anolyte 阳极液 32 % NaOH Narrow gap 小极距 DSA anode - activated cathode 阴、阳极活性涂层,Current Efficiency, % 电流效率,Cell Voltage, V 槽电压,电耗 Power Consumption, DC kWh/MT NaOH,2020/8/2,126,NAFION N982,Effect of Catholyte Conditions: Caustic Concentration 阴极条件的影响：阴极液浓度,杜邦实验电槽 DuPont Laboratory Cell

53、4 kA/m2 90 oC - 200 gpl anolyte 阳极液 Narrow gap 小极距 DSA anode - activated cathode 阴、阳极活性涂层,3.09,3.11,3.13,3.15,3.17,94,95,96,97,98,31,33,35,2150,2200,2250,2300,2350,Wt% NaOH,Current Efficiency, % 电流效率,Cell Voltage, V 槽电压,电耗 Power Consumption, DC kWh/MT NaOH,2020/8/2,127,NAFION 2010,3.04,3.06,3.08,3.1

54、0,3.12,94,95,96,97,98,31,33,35,2150,2200,2250,2300,2350,Wt% NaOH,Effect of Catholyte Conditions: Caustic Concentration 阴极条件的影响：阴极液浓度,杜邦实验电槽 DuPont Laboratory Cell 4 kA/m2 90 oC - 200 gpl anolyte 阳极液 Narrow gap 小极距 DSA anode - activated cathode 阴、阳极活性涂层,Current Efficiency, % 电流效率,Cell Voltage, V 槽电压,

55、电耗 Power Consumption, DC kWh/MT NaOH,2020/8/2,128,Effect of Operating Conditions NaCl Electrolysis High Performance NAFION Membranes 操作条件的影响 NaCl离子膜电解,Impurities 杂质 Chlorine* 氯 pH 1.5 Temperature 温度,80-95o C 1.5-6 kA/m2 Positive P 压差 (catholyte-anolyte) Reverse current 反向电流,Reversible effect on perf

56、ormance 对性能的影响可逆转 Reversible effect on performance within limits 对性能的影响部分可逆转 Irreversible effect on performance 对性能的影响不可逆转,Key 说明,200,000 ohm-cm Temperature 温度,Anolyte NaCl,190-230 gpl pH 2 80-95 C,Feed NaCl,Cl2,H2,Na+,H2O,Cl-,Cl,-,OH,H2O,-,Catholyte,Feed NaOH,DI H2O,Membrane,2020/8/2,129,Effect of

57、Operating Conditions KCl Electrolysis High Performance NAFION Membranes 操作条件的影响 KCl离子膜电解,Impurities 杂质 Chlorine* 氯 pH 1.5 Temperature 温度,80-95o C 1.5-6 kA/m2 Positive P 压差 (catholyte-anolyte) Reverse current 反向电流,Key 说明,200,000 ohm-cm Temperature 温度,Anolyte KCl 阳极液,160-200 gpl pH 2 80-95 C,Feed KCl,Cl2,H2,K+,H2O,Cl-,Cl,-,OH,H2O,-,Catholyte 阴极液,Feed NaOH,DI H2O,Membrane,Reversible effect on performance 对性能的影响可逆转 Reversible effect on performance within limits 对性能的影响部分可逆转 Irreversible effect on performance 对性能的影响不可逆转,2020/8/2,130,Typical Cell Operations 典型的电槽操作,Membrane 离子膜,Na+ H2O,