ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY.ppt

1、27,Environmental Microbiology,環境微生學,Microbial Diversity,Microbes live in a variety of habitats because of their abilities to Use a variety of carbon and energy sources. Grow under different physical conditions. Extremophiles live in extreme pH Temperature Salinity,Extremophiles, 極端嗜好菌,代謝多樣性,Metaboli

2、c Diversity and Habitats,Learning Objective - Define extremophile, and identify two “extreme” habitats.,- p. 810,Mycorrhizae,Fungi living in close association with plant roots Extend surface area of roots,Figure 27.1,菌根,吸根,Fig. 27.1 Mycorhizae. Q Of what value is a mycorrhizae to a plant?,Fig. 27.1

3、(b) Ectomycorhiza The mycelial Mantle of a typicalectomycorrhizal fungus Surrounding a Eucalyptus tree root.,Symbiosis, 共生 Ex. Ruminant = rumen Arbuscules, 吸根,植物細胞壁,菌絲 面紗,Fig. 27.1 (a) Endomycorhiza (esicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza).,Metabolic Diversity and Habitat,Learning Objective - Define symbios

4、is - Define mycorrhiza, differentiate endomycorrhizae from ectomycorrhizae, and given an example of each.,Symbiosis - p. 810,Commercial Uses of Mycorrhizae,Figure 27.2,w/ 菌根 生長良好,w/o 菌根 生長差,松露,菌根,Fig. 27.2 Mycorhizae have considerable commercial value. Q Why are mycorrhizae valuable for the uptake o

5、f phosphorus?,Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles,Learning Objective - Define biogeochemical cycle.,- p. 811,Biogeochemical Cycles,地球化學循環,Recycling (oxidation and reduction) of chemical elements - soil as a biological fire.,再生/再循環,Learning Objective - Outline the carbon cycle, and explain th

6、e roles of microorganisms in this cycle.,Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles,The Carbon Cycle - p. 811,The Carbon Cycle,Figure 27.3,碳循環,固定,死亡的生物,化石燃料,食用,分解,甲烷,Fig. 27.3 The carbon cycle. Q What effect does the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on the Earths climate?,Learn

7、ing Objective - Outline the nitrogen cycle, and explain the roles of microorganisms in this cycle. - Define ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation.,Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles,The Nitrogen Cycle - p. 813,The Nitrogen Cycle,Figure 27.4,氮循環,硝化作用,氨化作用,固氮作用,去硝化作用,分解作用,去硝化細菌

8、,氨化作用,豆科植物,豆科植物,Fig. 27.4 The nitrogen cycle. Q Which processes are performed exclusively by bacteria?,Nitrogen Cycle,N2,Nitrogen - fixation,Ammonia (NH3),Nitrate ion (NO3-),Pseudmonas,N2,Nitrite ion (NO2-),Nitrobacter,Nitrate ion (NO3- ),Ammonium ion (NH4+),Nitrosomonas,Nitrite ion (NO2- ),Amino ac

9、ids (NH2),Microbial ammonification,Ammonia (NH3),Proteins and waste products,Microbial decomposition,Amino acids,分解作用,氨化作用,銨,亞硝酸離子,氮循環,Formation of a Root Nodule,Figure 27.5,根廇,感染線,鬚根,根廇菌,變大根細胞=根廇,=類細菌,被充填之根細胞變大,類細菌,根廇的形成,Fig. 27.5 The formation of a root nodule. Q In nature, are leguminous plants m

10、ost likely to be valuable in rich agricultural soils or poor desert soils?,Fig. 27.6 The Azolla-cyanobacteria symbiosis. Q ?,Learning Objective - Outline the sulfur cycle, and explain the roles of microorganisms in this cycle.,Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles,The Sulfur Cycle - p. 816,The

11、 Sulfur Cycle,Figure 27.7,硫循環,紫色及綠色光合細菌,水域之底泥部分,元素態硫,同化作用,酸沉澱,有氧狀態,厭氧狀態,Fig. 27.7 The sulfur cycle. Q Why is a source of sulfur necessary for all organisms?,Sulfur Cycle,Proteins and waste products,Amino acids,Microbial decomposition,Amino acids (SH),Microbial dissimilation,H2S,H2S,Thiobacillus,SO42

12、 (for energy),SO42,Microbial enhanced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Bioaugmentation: Addition of specific microbes to degrade of pollutant. Composting: Arranging organic waste to promote microbial degradation.,Figure 27.9,經由微生物的分解,生物復育,去毒性,生物增進,堆肥化,Fig. 27.9 Bioremediation at an oil spill i

13、n Alaska. The portion of beach on the left is uncleaned, The beach on the right has been treated with applications of carbon free nutrients (fertilizer). However, below the surface layers, where conditions are anaerobic, oil often remains for much longer periods. Q Does the chemical formula of most

14、petroleum products contain nitrogen, or phosphorus? (Hint: See the box of page 33 in Chapter 2.,Decomposition by Microbes,Figure 27.10,Fig. 27.10 Composting municipal wastes. Q A compost pile of grass and leaves is very high in carbons, does it have much nitrogen?,由城市廢棄物製成之堆肥 等待卡車載至農田灑用,城市固態廢棄物藉由 特製

15、之機械翻攪,經由微生物的分解,27,Environmental Microbiology,Learning Objective - Describe the importance of biofilms.,Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment - p. 820,Biofilm - p. 820,Biofilms,Figure 27.11,生物膜,Pillars, 柱狀物,Diatoms, 矽藻,移動中的細菌團塊,細菌團塊附著至表面,Fig. 27.11 Biofilms. Q What is the biofilm that forms on te

16、eth called?,Learning Objective - Describe the freshwater and seawater habitats of microorganisms,Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment,Aquatic Microorganisms - p. 822,Freshwater Zonation,Figure 27.12,淡水水域 (中之生物) 分佈帶,脫硫弧菌屬 甲烷菌 梭狀芽孢桿菌屬,假單胞桿菌 莖菌屬 絲狀細菌屬,紫硫菌 與綠硫菌,噬細胞菌屬,沿海區,淺海區,深海區,海底區,藻類 氰細菌,沿海區,Fig.

17、 27.2 The zones of a typical lake or pond and some representative mucroorganisms of each zone. The microbes fill niches that vary in light, nutrients, and oxygen availability. Q Which of the microorganisms listed are most likely aerobes?,FMNH2,FMN + photon,Luciferase,Bioluminescence,Figure 27.13, UN

18、 27.1, UN 27.2,生物發光,光子,螢光素酶,FMN, flavin mononucleotide 黃素單核苷酸 氧化型 FMNH2, 黃素單核苷酸還原型,Figs in p. 826. V. fischeri emits light when energy is released by the transport of electrons of luciferase. (a) in daylight and (b) in the dark, illuminated by their own light.,Fig. 27.13 Bioluminescent bacteria as l

19、ight organs in fish. This is a deep-sea flashlight fish (深海閃光魚). Q What enzyme is responsible for bioluminescence?,Learning Objective - Explain how wastewater pollution is a public health problem and an ecological problem. - Discuss the causes and effects for eutrophication. - Explain how water is t

20、ested for bacteriological quality.,Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment - p. 824,The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality - p. 824,Water Quality,Microbes are filtered from water that percolates into groundwater. Some pathogens are transmitted to human in drinking and recreational water. Resi

21、stant chemicals may be concentrated in the aquatic food chain. Mercury is metabolized by certain bacteria into a soluble compound, concentrated in animals.,水的品質,滲透, 濾過,地下水,娛樂的, 休閒的 用水,被濃縮,Mercury, 汞,Resistant chemicals, 抗性化合物,Waterborne Diseases,Table 27.2 (1 of 2),水 (媒介) 疾病,與飲水有關之 水 (媒介) 疾病 爆發(意外)事

22、件,寄生性,隱芽孢蟲,梨形蟲,化學化合物,Waterborne Diseases,Table 27.2 (2 of 2),與娛樂用水 有關之水媒介疾病 爆發(意外)事件,Fig. 27.14 The incidence of typhoid fever in Philadelohia, 1890-1935. This graph clearly shows the effect of water treatments on incidence of typhoid fever. Q Why did the incidence of typhoid fever decrease?,27,Envi

23、ronmental Microbiology,Algal Blooms,Pollutants (nutrients) may cause algal blooms. Algal blooms lead to eutrophication.,Figure 27.15,藻潮,優養化,Fig. 27.15 A red tide. These blooms of aquatic growth are caused by excess nutrients in water. The color is from the pigmentation of the dinoflagellates. Q What

24、 is the primary energy source of the dinoglagellates that cause such aquatic blooms?,Coliforms,Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, nonendospore forming rods that ferment lactose to acid plus gas within 48 hours, at 35C. Indicator organisms Used to detect fecal contamination. MPN: Most

25、 probable number/100 ml of water.,大腸(桿)菌群,兼性厭氧性,指標菌,最確數(值),最大可能數,Multiple-Tube Method,Figure 6.18a,多管式方法,p. 181,Multiple-Tube Method,Figure 6.18b,Figure 27.19,Fig. 27.19 A beach displaying a blue flag. Q What sort of bacterial populations would need to be quantified to set minimal standards for beac

26、h-area water?,ONPG causes E. coli (coliforms) to make -galactosidase.,MUG,- galactosidase,MUG Test,Figure 27.16,ONPG, o-nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopyranoside,Fig. 27.16 The ONPG and MUG coliform test. A yellow color (positive ONPG) indicates the presence of coliforms. Blue fluorescence (positive MUG) in

27、dicates the presence of fecal coliform E. coli. The clear medium indicates an uncontaminated sample. Q What cause the formation of the fluorescent compound in a positive MUG test?,fluorescent compound glows blue - illuminated by long-wave UV light,MUG, 4-methylumbelliferyl-b-D-glucuronide,Learning O

28、bjective - Describe how pathogens are removed from drinking water. * Coagulation and Filtration * Disinfection,Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment - p. 820,Water Treatment - p. 828,Learning Objective - Compare primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment. - List some of the biochemical ac

29、tivities that take place in an anaerobic sludge digester. - Define biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), activated sludge system, trickling filter, septic tank, and oxidation pond.,Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment - p. 820,Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment - p. 829,Municipal Water Treatment,Figure 27.17,都市水處理,生水槽,幫浦站,凝絮劑,凝絮槽,砂濾池,貯存槽,& pH緩衝平衡,水經氯化消毒, 臭氧處理, 或以紫外光照射,Fig. 27.17 The steps involved in water treatment in a typical municipal water purification plant. Q Does removal of “colloidal particles” by flocculation invol