口译技巧-数字.ppt

1、口译技巧之数字口译,Outline,导入练习 数字口译概述 分数和小数的口译 模糊数字的口译 特殊倍数的口译 趋势数字的口译 实战训练,Reading and interpreting numbers properly Read the following numbers in English 123 一万 100000000 87654321,Interpreting numbers 1 亿？ 100 mn, 0.1 bn 150 billion? 15亿? E.g. This amount would be enough to service its $ 10 billions debt.

2、,AmE or BrE? 十亿 一百亿 一千亿 一万亿（avoid using 兆）,Interpreting Chinese ordinal numbers Challenges : cultural differences cognitive loads E.g.1 这是您第几次访问中国？ E.g.2 你们队得了第几名？ E.g.2 令公子排行第几？,In Chinese we often hear or talk about ordinal numbers. If we interpret in English, we have to change the ways of asking/

3、inquiry. 这是您第几次来中国？Is this your first visit to China? This isnt your first visit to China, is it?How many times have you been in China? 你们队得了第几名？Did your team win the championship?Did you get/win the first place in the competition? 这孩子是（你的）老几呀？Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?,数字口译,数字

4、翻译是口译中的一大难关，数字之所以难译，其中一个主要原因在于英语和汉语对于四位数以上的数字的表达，有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字以每三位数为一段位，而汉语则以每四位数为一段位。,不同的表达方式 英语分节号：thousand, million, billion（十亿） 汉语档位：个、十、百、千、 万、亿,数字的翻译,口译数字的关键在于记录 填空计数,汉语数字分段法：,英语数字分段法：,Common mistakes in interpreting numbers,multi-digital numbers times approximate numbers Pronouncing numb

5、ers 14% ? 40% ? Tip: 13%-19% common mispronunciations Hearing numbers S/SE Asians 14% = 40% ? U.S. 1000= one thousand? Ten hundred?,2. 数字的翻译,一万：10 thousand 十万：100 thousand 百万：million 千万：10 million 亿： 100 million 十亿：a billion,数字的翻译,分节号的作用 five thousand 5, thirty-two thousand 32, five million 5, twent

6、y five million 25, one billion 1,用横向方式表现为： billion million thousand 万 千 百 十 千 百 十 亿，亿 万 万，万 万 千，百 十 个 2， 8 6 3， 5 8 9， 4 0 0 汉语读作： 二十八亿六千三百五十八万九千四百 英语读作： two billion, eight hundred sixty-three million, five hundred eighty-nine thousand and four hundred,实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译员只有经过大量反复

7、的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。,Read the following figures in Chinese:,Read the following Chinese figures in English, and write down the figures in Arabic figures: 六万 五十七万 四百七十六万 九百六十一万 五千九百三十三万 七百五十亿 十一亿七千五百万 三千五百三十八万五千 九亿三千六百七十七万七千,分数和小数的口译 Fractions,(cardinal no./ordinal no.),六分之一：

8、 二分之一： 四分之一： 四分之三：,one-sixth a/one half a/one quarter three quarters,8%eight percent 15%fifteen percent 42%forty-two percent 4.35%four point three five percent 0.5%point five percent 4.032four point naught three two 71.006seventy-one point naught naught six,1/2one half; a half 1/3one third 1/4a quar

9、ter 3/5three-fifths 7/8seven-eighths 1/10one-tenth 1/100one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth 14/1000fourteen-thousandths 1/10000one-ten thousandths 2-1/2two and a half 4-2/3four and two-thirds,分数和小数的口译,五分之二： 十分之七： 千分之三：,two-fifths seven-tenths three-thousandths,分数和小数的口译 Fractions,六十分之九十七：

10、七十五分之三十四：,ninety-seven over sixty-three thirty-four over seventy-five,分数和小数的口译,六又七分之四： 六又二分之一： 九又四分之三：,six and four-sevenths six and a half nine and three quarters,分数和小数的口译,0.7: 0.546: 0.009%:,point seven; zero point seven point five four six zero point o o nine percent,分数和小数的口译,9.007： 87.36%:,nine

11、point 0 0 seven； nine point zero zero seven eighty-seven point three six percent,分数和小数的口译,0.8 万 ： 0.7亿： 0.93亿： 56.08万：,8，000；eight thousand 70,000,000; seventy million 93,000,000; ninety-three million 560,800; five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundred,Examples,1. 中国的劳动力有7亿4千万，而欧美所有发达国家的劳动力只有4亿3千

12、万。中国每年新增劳动力1000万，下岗和失业人口大约1400万，进城的农民工一般保持在1亿2000万。中国面临巨大的就业压力，中国13亿人口有9亿农民，目前没有摆脱贫困的有3000万左右，这是按每年人均收入625元的标准计算的。,1. The population of this city in 2004 was 78,872,890. The natural reserve takes up an area of 123,880,000 square kilometers. The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 meters. The n

13、umber of college graduates will climb to a record high of 3,28 million this summer, an increase of 540,000, or 34%, over the year 2000. Australia, with its landmass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, has a population of 18,742,000.,2. ten years ago, China had 1075 full time i

14、nstitutions of higher learning with 88,100 graduates and 1,320,000 undergraduates. So far, in tertiary institutions there are 1,700 research institutes of natural science. 3. shanghai generated 144.77billion yuan in total tax, Corporate income tax rose by 16.6 percent to 88.17billion yuan and indivi

15、dual income tax was 13.41 billion yuan, up 41percent. 4. Chinas foreign reserves, the worlds second largest after Japan, has increased by 48.4 percent to US$ 383.9 billion from the previous year. 5. Shanghai Volkswagen, Chinas largest automaker, is planning to invest a minimum of US$120million on ne

16、w product development in each of the next five years with an aim to double it annual sales to 600,000 units. It achieved combined sales of 400,000 units last year, a 32 percent increase from a year earlier.,模糊数字的口译 口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下

17、模糊数字的口译,几个 十几个 几十个 几十年 七十好几了 好几百个 成千上万/千千万万 几十万,some; a few;/several; a number of more than 10; no more than twenty dozens of Decades well over seventy hundreds of thousands of hundreds of thousands of,Note the following ways of uncertain numbers 七十好几了well over seventy 二十刚出头in her/his early twenties

18、 三十大几了（快四十了）in her/his late thirties 千千万万thousands and thousands of 好几百个hundreds of 成千上万thousands upon thousand of 几十万hundreds of thousands of 数以百万计的millions of 亿万(人)hundreds of millions of 十年a decade 二十年a score/four score and seven years ago 三十年(25-30)a generation 五十年half a century 一百年的centennial 一

19、百年/世纪Century,特殊倍数的表达,到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番,达到40,000亿美元左右 Quadruple By 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion. 今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成. 20% The output of grain this year increased by 20% over the last year.,Useful verbs,位居世界第二 Is ranked the second/ 中国经济总量位居世界第六，进出口贸易额居世

20、界第四。 Chinas economy is ranked the 6th in the world and its foreign trade is ranked the 4th. China is the worlds sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader. 上涨，增长 To rise, to increase, to climb, to go up, to jump, to soar A sharp/considerable/slight increase/ rise 下降，减少 To fall, to drop, to

21、decline, to decrease, to reduce，to go down A sharp/slight drop/decline,Total 总计 去年收入总计人民币150亿元，比上年增长20% The revenue of last year totaled RMB 15 b yuan, a 20% increase over the previous year.,Short expressions,今年为, 比上年上涨了 , a % increase over the previous/last year , up %. , tons more than last year.

22、全年产量 The annual output of 年均进口增速达到20% The import grows at an annual rate of 20%.,国民经济继续保持平稳较快增长。国内生产总值超过30万亿元，比上年增长9%；物价总水平涨幅得到控制；财政收入6.13万亿元，增长19.5%；粮食连续五年增产，总产量10570亿斤，创历史最高水平。,The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth. GDP topped 30 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over t

23、he previous year. Overall price rises were held in check. Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%. Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 million tons, a record high.,1. the annual added value of industry is RMB 6.2815 trillion yuan, an increase of

24、 11.5% over last year. 2. the annual output of grain is 469,470,000 tons, 38,770,000tons more than last year and an increase of 9.1%. 3. the annual total volume of import and export is USD 1.1548 trillion, an increase of 35.7% over last year. 4. the annual volume of contracted foreign capital is USD

25、 153.5 billion, an increase of 33.4%, and actually utilized foreign capital is USD 60.6 billion, an increase of 13.3%. 5. the annual number of inbound tourists is 109,040,000, and the income from foreign currency is USD 25.7 billion, an increase of 47.9%.,增/减倍数的口译 英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型

26、和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义： A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B. A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times. A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B. 这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N-1倍”。,根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译： (1) The earth is 49 time

27、s the size of the moon. 地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍) (2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold. 自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近

28、三倍。 (3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world. 30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。 (4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its

29、pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。,汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类： 第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。 第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍；这两类说法含义不同。 第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。 第二类表示净增倍数。 因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N+1) ti

30、mes 来表示。,例如： 去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。 The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year. The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.,汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数，然后决定用N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。,(1) 过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了

31、近五倍。 In the past 20 years, Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly six times. (2) 1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。 Chinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997. (3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。 The per capita living space for urban residents in China expand

32、ed from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times. (4) 1949年至1998年, 中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨, 增长3.5倍, 年平均增长3.1%, 是人口增长率的2.5倍。 Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an avera

33、ge annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth. (5) 1997年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人, 其中研究生18万人, 分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。 In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectiv

34、ely.,由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。,(1) 由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。 Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent. (2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。 The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth. (3) 1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国

35、务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少了近一半。 In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.,增/减百分比的口译 “增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种： 1) 增/减了% increase/rise/grow% decreas

36、e/drop/fall/sink % 或者 increase/rise/grow/go up by % decrease/drop/fall/go down by %,(1) Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok. 与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果，从1986到1987年， 耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了18%，利润下降了40%多。 (2) By putting out more

37、than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。 (3) Procter to

38、increase增加, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go up上升。 表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to decelerate减速。 表示稳定：to remain (stable)保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不

39、变，稳定，维持; to level out (off)平衡，稳定。,汉语： “增加N元”，“增加N” 英译：a N yuan increasea N percent increase 英语：a N-fold increase/increase N-fold/N times 表示含义是增加到N倍，不是净增加数，其汉语含义净增数应为N1倍。 例证：During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 20,000 to 200,000. 在关键性的1917年，党员人数从二万增加到二十万，即增加了九倍。,英语：“倍数强

40、比较级”或“倍数over”的句型 汉译：A比B多N1倍或A为B的N倍 英语N times 和N-fold用于增减和强弱有多种说法，用于增加和强比较的是基数乘以N，意为“增加到N倍”、“为比较对象的N倍（如five times greater，即基数5）；用于减少或弱比较是“减少到”、“为比较对象的”（如seven times smaller即基数7，“缩小到七分之一”）。,实战训练,2000年第五次全国人口普查主要数据 国家统计局今天公布了2000年第五次全国人口普查结果：,一、总人口 全国总人口为129533万人。其中： 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市（不包括福建省的金门、马祖等岛屿，下同

41、）和现役军人的人口共126583万人。 香港特别行政区人口为678万人。 澳门特别行政区人口为44万人。 台湾省和福建省的金门、马祖等岛屿人口为2228万人。,二、人口增长 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口，同第四次全国人口普查1990年7月1日0时的113368万人相比，十年零四个月共增加了13215万人，增长11.66%。平均每年增加1279万人，年平均增长率为1.07%。 三、家庭户人口 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市共有家庭户34837万户， 家庭人口为119839万人，平均每个家庭户的人口为3.44人，比1990年第四次全国人口普查的3.96人减少了0.52人。 四

42、、总人口性别构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，男性为65355万人， 占总人口的51.63%；女性为61228万人，占总人口的48. 37% 。 性别比（以女性为100，男性对女性的比例）为10674。,五、年龄构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，-14 岁的人口为28979万人。占总人口的22.89%；15-64 岁的人口为88793 万人， 占总人口的70.15%；65岁及以上的人口为8811万人，占总人口的6.96%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，-14岁人口的比重下降了4.80个百分点，岁及以上人口的比重上升了.39个百分点。 六、民

43、族构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，汉族人口为115940万人，占总人口的91.59%；少数民族人口为1064万人，占总人口的8.41%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，汉族人口增加了11692万人，增长了11.22%；各少数民族人口增加了1523万人，增长了16.70%。,七、各种受教育程度人口 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，接受大学（指大专以上）教育的4571万人；接受高中（含中专）教育的14109万人；接受初中教育的42989万人；接受小学教育的45191万人（以上各种受教育程度的人包括各类学校的毕业生、肄业生和在校生）。 同1990年第

44、四次全国人口普查相比，每10万人中拥有各种受教育程度的人数有如下变化：具有大学程度的由1422人上升为 3611 人；具有高中程度的由8039 人上升为11146人；具有初中程度的由 23344 人上升为33961人；具有小学程度的 37057人下降为 35701人。 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，文盲人口（ 15 岁及15岁以上不识字或识字很少的人）为 8507 万人，同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，文盲率由15.88%下降为 6.72% ，下降了9.16个百分点。,八、城乡人口 祖国大陆 31个省、自治区、直辖市的人口中，居住在城镇的人口 45594万人，占总人口

45、的 36.09% ；居住在乡村的人口80739 万人，占总人口的63.91%。同 1990 年第四次全国人口普查相比，城镇人口占总人口的比重上升了9.86个百分点。,1) Two significant points: as indicated earlier, it is risky trying to do a long series of figure in interpreting without jotting them down in a feasible way. To ensure accuracy it is always helpful and reassuring to

46、speedily jot them down as they are being uttered (or read) by the original speakers.,Some Practical Hints to Remember,2)In the case of C-E and E-C interpretation, figures do require a sufficient amount of training. By figures we mean, in a larger sense, not only a long series of figures combined wit

47、h various units of measurements but also a long string of document symbols and long series of proper names (of persons/places).,(1) To lay emphasis on the speedy and accurate rendering of figures involving “万” and “亿” as a first step. (2) To practice the rapid reading of 5-digit numbers, 8-digit num

48、bers and, then, 10-digit numbers, etc. in both Chinese and English, and then combine them with various “units of measurement” until accuracy and fluency are achieved.,3)Some possible signs used: Here two possible sets of signs or symbols are introduced.,(1) Using comma (,) each representing one grou

49、p of 3 naught, e.g.“forty thousand”, represented by “40,” means “四万”;“six hundred thousand”, represented by “600,” means “六十万”“seven million”, represented by “7,” means “七百万”“thirty million”, represented by “30,” means “三千万” (2) Imitating the system used in Roman numerals with each horizontal line d

50、rawn above the numerals representing one group of three naught. e.g. 59,000 noted as ; 435,000,000 ,ii. If a number is bigger than a million, the easiest way is to use a point after the number of million. For instance, 396万, can be put in this way, 3.96 million. Apply the same way to the following n

51、umbers:3,956万39.65million3亿9,650万396.5million;If the number is bigger than a billion, adopt the same way to do it. e.g. 129亿12.9billion,数字口译补充材料,先练习“大整数”换算对译，再练各个数级换算，最后练习（million, billion对译汉语的一百万、十亿）繁杂零琐的数字； 尽量利用笔记，提倡在听辨源语数字同时立即译成译语（边听、边记、边译）用B或b记录“十亿”，用M或m记录“百万”，如： two billion thirty-four million

52、2 B 34 M十二亿四千万 1 B 240 M,点线法,中译外时，应在听到“亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，即三个零为，两个零为，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。例1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八 1/3002/0858例2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万五百四十 101/7489/0540,口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。用此方法，需要牢记分节号左位数的单位。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。例1：1/30,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu &58例2：10,1/74,89/0,540 10B 174M 890Th 5Hu &40,此形式译成外语很方便，“回译”成汉语也没太大困难。 外译汉（如英文）时，译员应在听到billion、million、thousand等位时，便立即打上一处逗号。 例： thirty two billion four hundred fifty seven million eight hundred twenty six thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven 32,45