三级语法总结.ppt

1、三级考试语法综合要点,contents,倒装句 主谓一致 现在分词和过去分词 动名词 情态动词的特殊用法 定语从句 同位语从句,现在完成时 structure:have/has+v.p.p. 时间状语：ago,yesterday,last month,since,so far,up to now, until now,for/in/over/during the past few years. He had hardly finished his speech when the audience started cheering. 他的演讲一结束观众们就开始振奋起来。 =Hardly had

2、he finished his speech when the audience started cheering.(常考于倒装用法） 将来完成时 structure:shall/will have+v.p.p by/by the time/by the end of/before/until+将来时间 The students will have finished their papers by the end of this month. 直到这个月底，学生们将完成他们的论文。,现在完成时 structure:have/has+v.p.p. 时间状语：ago,yesterday,last

3、month,since,so far,up to now, until now,for/in/over/during the past few years. I have seen the film several years ago. 现在完成进行时 谈论动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在, 并且有可能持续下去 have / has been + doing sth + since/for +过去的时间点She played table tennis for 19 years.(动作不能延续只能用现在完成时结构）Ive been skating for five hours.（动作可以延续

4、下去可用现在完成进行时结构）,虚拟语气的用法 ,1. If clause非真实条件句,事实相反,If-条件从句,结果主句,与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实相反,动词过去式 bewere,would/should/could/might +动词原形,had+过去分词,would/should/could/might+ have +过去分词,动词过去式 were+不定式 should +动词原形,would （should）+动词原形,1. If I _ (know) her address, I would write to her. 2. What would you have do

5、ne if you _(miss) the train? 3. If he _ (not be ill ), he would have done something. 4. If it _(snow) tomorrow, we _(get up) early. 5. If you should succeed, everything all right. 6.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he _ (make) greater progress.,Practices:,had missed,had not been ill,w

6、ere to /should snow/ snowed,should get up,would be,knew,would have made,e.g. 1.If they were here, they would help us.,Were they here, they would help us.,2.If you had come earlier, nothing would have happened.,Had you come earlier, nothing would have happened.,Attention:,When “if” was omitted, the o

7、rder should be inverted.,如果从句中有were, should, had等词,可省略if。 were，should, had放句首进行倒装。,2.时间错综复杂句,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语 动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件 句。,e.g. 1. If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）,2. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last nigh

8、t. (从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反.),3.暗含条件句,but for, but, butthat, （要不是）, without（如果没有）, otherwise（要不然）, or（要不然） , (incaseof,supposing,undermore favorablecondition)相对少几乎没有,etc. e.g.1. He would not get such a result without your help. 2. But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.,4.主语从句,Structure: It is +

9、形容词/名词/动词的-ed形式 + that .其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。 形容词: necessary,important,impossible,strange,natural essential, surprising, astonishing, etc. 过去分词: desired, demanded, ordered requested, suggested, recommended, required etc. 名词: advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, motion, or

10、der, pity, preference, proposal, recommendation. etc. e.g. 1. It is essential that you (should) win the voters hearts. 2. It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities. 3. It is impossible that he should go home.,5.宾语从句,1. 在suggest , demand , order , propose , insist , command , request

11、 , desire, 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。 e.g. 1.He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. 2.I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 3.He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means. Attention: 当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示

12、“表明，暗示”时，其后的从句中不用虚拟语气。 e.g.1. He insisted that he was honest. 2.The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.,2. wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。 wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，要按“后退一步法”,从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）,主句,从句,现在时,过去时,从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）,过去时,过去完成时,将来不大可能实现的愿望,将来时,would

13、/could +动词原形,e.g.1. He wished he hadnt said that. 2. I wish it would rain tomorrow. 3. I wish that the experiment were a success. 4. I wish that I could have gone with you last night. 5. We wish that they would come soon. Practices: 1. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there. A. were B. wou

14、ld be C. had been D. will be 2.Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study 3. You wished she the next day A. would come B. had come C. comes D. to come,c,c,A,3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon，wou

15、ldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。 e.g. 1.Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday. 2.Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening. 3.Iwouldrathereverythinghadnthappenedinthepast. 4.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesa

16、meoffice 5.Tobefrank，Idratheryouwerenotinvolvedinthecase,6.表语从句和同位语从句,Words: demand,desire,requirement, advice,recommendation suggestion, order,necessitypreference Proposal,plan,idea, resolution. etc. e.g. 1. Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussionbeputoff 2.Thesuggestionthatthemayorpresenttheprize

17、sbeacceptedby everyone 3. Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendthe conference. 4. Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.,7. Itis（abouthigh）timethat定语从句,在Itis（abouthigh）timethat定语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should动词原形/ e.g. 1.Itsalready5oclocknowDontyouthinkitsabouttimewe wentho

18、me？ 2.Itisabouttimeyouwereinbed. 3.Itishightimeweleft. 4.ItisthefirsttimeIcamehere. Attention: 在thisisthefirsttimesecondtimethat句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态e.g.1.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong？ 2.Itstimetodosomething有别于Itstimethat,8. 在ifonly引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气 3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,wou

19、ld(just)assoon，wouldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,谓语动词用过去式,过去完成式/would /could +动词原形(谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同). e.g.1.Ifonlyhedidntdrivesofast!(现在) 2.Ifonlyshehadaskedsomeonesadvice.(过去) 3.Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(将来) practice: LookattheterriblesituationIamin!ifonlyI_youradvice. A.follow B.hadfoll

20、owed C.wouldfollowD.havefollowed,B,3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon，wouldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,9.由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might, would)+动词原形 ,e.g. 1.Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates. 2.I avoided mentioning the

21、subject lest he be offended.,10. as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形： e.g. 1.He acts as if he knew me. 2.They treat me as though I were a stranger. 3.He talks as if he had been abroad.,倒装句 部分倒装结

22、构：倒装的副词结构+情态动词/助动词+主语+主要谓语动词+其他的部分 1.否定副词：hardly,scarcely,nowhere,few,little,never,no,not,seldom. little does he take care of himself. 2.含有否定副词no的短语 in no way,by no means,in /under no circumstance,etc. in no circumstance can we give up studying and working.,3.sothat,neithernor,not onlybut also,not u

23、ntil,often,so So frightened was he that he couldnt move an inch. Not only can he operate the computer,but also he can make use of it to finish the work. 4.虚拟语气中的省略if,当if从句中有were,had,should中的一个就可以进行倒装 If I were you,I would finish this work. Were I you,I would finish this work.,Only：only in this way,

24、only after, only when Only in this way can we learn English well. Only after he had spoken out words did he realize that he made a big mistake.,主谓一致 主谓一致主要有以下几种情况： 1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况： (1) 如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或 事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。如：,语法一致原则,He and I are both students of this school. 我和他都是这

25、个学校的学生。 (2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。,The singer and dancer is going to give us a performance. 那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。 The knife and fork is on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。,2. 如果主语是不定式, 动词ing形式或 主语从句的时候,谓语动词用单数。 What he is doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起来很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收

26、集邮票是他的爱好。,3. 定语从句的关系代词who, which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you.,4. 就远原则 with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如： The teacher, together

27、 with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。,either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or在句子中连接主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,5.就近原则,Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.,Not only the students but also the teache

28、r wishes for a holiday.,6. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Half of the students have finished their composition. 一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。 Half of the apple is bad. 一半的苹果坏了。 About 60 percent of the students in our school are boys. 百分之六十的工作已经

29、做完了。,7. 复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。 Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。 Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。,现在分词与过去分词 英语中的分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形加ing构成，过去分词由动词原形加ed构成，现在分词表示正在进行或主动意义，过去分词

30、表示已经完成或被动意义，两者之间既有相同之处，又有区别。,英语中分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。分词在句中可以充当表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。,现在分词,一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式having done 完成被动式having been done,过去分词,过去分词只有一种形式，即V-ed。没有所谓的“一般体”“进行体”与“完成体”之分。过去分词也没有“主动式”与“被动式”之称谓。,现在分词的完成式：现在分词有时需要完成形式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语或是作原因状语,Having found a hotel,they beg

31、an to look for a restaurant. Having got our tickets,we drove to the airport to board the plane. Having been ill for two weeks,she felt rather weak. Having lived there for some time,she knew the place quite well. Not having got an answer,I decided to write him another letter.,过去分词的体现形式,Given another

32、hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.,boiling water boiled water the falling leaves the fallen leaves the changing matter the changed matter the developing country the developed country,现在分词和过去分词作定

33、语,试比较：,A.现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词则表示完成的动作： e.g.falling leaves /fallen leaves boiling water / boiled water developing country/developed country B.现在分词表示动作主动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者，过去分词表示被动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词的承受者。 e.g. an exciting film/excited speaker,现在分词作表语,The story is exciting. 这个故事很令人兴奋的。 The situation is enc

34、ouraging. 总形势是令人鼓舞的。 His lecture is interesting. Im interested in it. 他的演讲是有趣的，我对此比较感兴趣。 The film is touching. 这部影片是令人感动的,过去分词作表语,I was very excited at the news. 这则消息让我很激动。 The glass was broken. 这块玻璃破碎了。 The door remains locked. 这道门仍锁着。 She looked disappointed. 她看起来很失望。 We are surprised to hear the

35、news. 听到这则消息我们感到吃惊。,I saw him repairing the watch. 我看到他修理手表。 I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听到有人在敲门。 The children watched the plane taking off at the airport. 孩子们在机场看到飞机起飞。 The Frenchman tried to make his speech inspiring. 法国人尝试着去做鼓舞人心的演讲。,现在分词作宾补,I found the boy beaten black and blue. 我发现这个

36、男孩被打的鼻青脸肿。 The Frenchman tried to make himself understood. 这个法国人尝试着让自己理解。 John will get his room painted. 约翰将要到达被粉刷的房间。,过去分词作宾补,现在分词作状语,表时间,现在分词(同时发生）,When I was walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine. = Walking along the street, I met an old When he entered the dining-room, he saw hi

37、s mother in a white clean overall. = Entering the dining-room, he saw his mother in While we were working in the factory, we learned a lot from the workers. = Working in the factory, we learned a lot ,现在分词(同时发生）,Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days inYanan. =When he saw thos

38、e pictures, he Turning round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up . =When she turned round, Fanny found,现在分词（已经完成）,Having watered the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples. =After they had watered vegetables, Having finished the work, he went back home on foot. =After he had finished the work

39、,完成时态用 现在分词,After they had done their homework, they went out to play basketball. = Having done their homework, they went out . After he had lunch, he went to play basketball. = Having had lunch, he went to play basketball. Because I have seen the film twice, I dont plan to see it again = Having see

40、n the film twice, I dont plan to see it again.,分词作状语表示原因、条件、让步,As I did not know how to do it, I asked him to help me. = Not knowing how to do it, I asked him If you stand on the church tower, you can see the whole village. = Standing on the church tower, you can see Though he is old, he studies har

41、d. = Being old, he studies hard. As they were blind men, how could they see! = Being blind men, how could they see!,被动用过去分词,If they had been given enough sunlight, the flowers could have grown. Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.,= Given enough sunlight, the fl

42、owers could ,= Warned of the danger, he still went skating,过去分词,Inspired by Dr. Chens speech, they decided to study Maths harder. Persuaded by my mother, she gladly went there alone.,=Because they were inspired by Dr. Chens speech,=Because she was persuaded by my mother,过去分词完成式,After they have been

43、written, the compositions must be handed in this afternoon. After he had supper, he went out for a walk. Because he was bitten by a dog, he trembles whenever he sees a dog.,= Having been written, the composition.,=Having had supper, he went out for a walk.,=Having been bitten by a dog, he trembles w

44、henever he sees a dog.,分词独立主格结构,分词独立主格结构，就是分词前加了一个名词或代词，分词的动作就是这个名词或代词做的，而不是句子的主语做的。换句话说，分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，逻辑主语与句子的主语并不是同一个人或事物。这时候，分词短语相当于一个简写的短句。我们称这种有自己独立主语的分词结构，叫分词独立主格结构。,独立主格,If the weather permits, well have an outing tomorrow. = Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. Since the last bus

45、 had gone, we had to walk home. = The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.,动名词,动词或动词词组或句子结构后+动词ing形式 实义动词：admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, keep, understand, mind, report,risk,miss, delay, practise, resist, suggest, escape 动词

46、短语：give up, cannot help, keep on, put off, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant help, feel like,be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,have a hard time,句子结构：It is no use.，It is no good.，It is fun.，It is a wa

47、ste of time.there is no point, The teacher doesnt permit smoking in class. Did you have trouble in finding the swimming pool?,情态动词的特殊用法,结构： Must +have+v.p.p（过去一定做过某事） Can/Could(not)+have+v.p.p（过去（不）可能做过某事） May/might+have+v.p.p（过去可能做过某事，比can/could语气较弱） Should/ought to(not)+have+v.p.p（过去本应该/本不应该去做某事）

48、Neednt +have+v.p.p（本没必要去做某事）,Wang Qin did not come to the meeting;he could not have missed the notice on blackboard. 果因关系中存在情态动词表过去推测的用法。,定语从句 非限制性定语从句 介词+which的用法 That 的用法 As 的用法,非限制性定语从句,在非限定性定语从句中，用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物，有时as也可用作关系代词 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我

49、去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month 正如每个人所知道的那样，月亮绕着地球运行每个月一次。 Mike，as we expected，attended the meeting 像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。 as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。,介词 + 关系代词,1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同

50、关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came l

51、ate.,listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in, make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to等都是短语动词,不可拆分 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.保育员们照看的那些孩子们很健康。 （不可说after wh

52、om the nurses are looking） He has a knife with which to defend himself.他有一把用于自卫的刀子。,This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。,whose, of whom与of which,关系代词 whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom 只能指人；of whi

53、ch 只能指物，有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。 The house whose doors are green is an office building. 门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。 定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。 定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。 在定语从句中

54、作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。,In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. 房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。 He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。 The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是

55、大学生，另一个是经理。 There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. 我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。,He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. 他有三兄弟，李雷是他们中最小的一个。,关系代词that 的用法,(1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词

56、后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 (b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。,c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,jus