文体学 Chapter 03.ppt

1、Chapter 3,The Potential Stylistic Feature: Syntax,What is syntax?,(rules for the) arrangement of words into phrases and phrases into sentences Syntax refers to the rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences. What is the right way of arranging the elements in a sentence.,sentence,clause,p

2、hrase,word,morpheme,What are the syntactic units and elements?,I. Clause Types (Clause Structure),1. In terms of the clause constituents: SPOCA,2. In terms of the structure of the verb phrase,non-finite clause,finite clause,verbless clause,The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb show

3、s tense, person or number.,Tense,That will be John., That was John.,It is raining and I have nothing to do, so I suppose I might as well write., It was raining and he or she had nothing to do.,It often came to my mind what wise men there used to be in England. - King Alfred,There was no possibility

4、of taking a walk that day. We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning; but since dinner (Mrs. Reed, when there was no company, dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further out-door exercise was no

5、w out of the question. - Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte,It is some kind of special day. Where is Sissie? Ma says. Her face gets sharp, she is frightened. When I run around her chair she laughs and hugs me. She is pretty when she laughs. - Four Summers by Joyce Carol Oates,3. In terms of functions in

6、a sentence,Independent Clause,Dependent/Subordinate Clause,Norminal clause Adverbial clause Relative clause Comparative clause,Directly subordinate clauses: elements of clauses,Indirectly subordinate clauses: elements of phrases,II. Clauses as Situation Types,Duration,Transition,Momentary,continuum

7、of dynamism,(how),(what),situation,type,sub,-,type,verb type,participant roles,dynamic,action,agentive,agent,recipient,event,external force,behavioural,behaver,stative,mental states,senser,phenomenon,attributing,carrier, attribute,identifying,identified, identifier,instrument,object,recipient,object

8、,Example,(1) Adequate expulsive force is called into action. At length the force conquers all resistance, and with a throe of agony the head is expelled. birth in a 19th century obstetrics textbook (2) Hour after hour the walls of the womb close in upon her in powerful regular contractions. . . Now

9、at last we can see who it is that has been struggling to be born.” birth in Penelope Leach, Baby and Child (3) You may feel an amazing urge to bear down . Your uterus contracts. birth in Our Bodies, Ourselves,agent,external,force,instrume,nt,object,senser,phenom,enon,-Ive Boarded the train theres no

10、 getting off.,I agent; train-object train-carrier; no getting off-attribute I am pregnant. I-carrier; pregnant: attribute,III. Sentence Types,simple sentence,multiple sentence,compound,complex,compound,complex,Major,Minor: not conforming,: conforming to the regular patterns,consisting of a dependent

11、 clause non-finite construction phrase elliptical sentence abbreviated sentence block language,SPOCA,minor sentence vs. incomplete sentence - P64,Shannon thought it over. Twenty days in the Mediterranean, twenty days out to target, and twenty days back. A hundred and twenty thousand marks, or 15 000

12、. Cheaper than buying ones own ship. Tempting. (F. Forsyth, The Dogs of War),This is a hot town, said the other. What do they call it? Summit. Ever heard of it? No, said his friend.,In a station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. Pound 1969 1912,el

13、liptical sentence,Noun Phrase,emphasis permanence explicitness,structure,premodification,postmodification,- nominalization,features,IV. Sequence and Segmentation,Long sentence,We the peoples of the U.N. determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime ha

14、s brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties

15、 and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends, to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peac

16、e and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our effo

17、rts to accomplish these aims. (Preamble to the U. N. Charter),That he was really fond of Jane, she doubted no more than she had ever done; and much as she had always been disposed to like him, she could not think without anger, hardly without contempt, on the easiness of temper, that want of proper

18、resolution which now made him the slave of his designing friends, and led him to sacrifice his own happiness to the caprice of their inclinations. 她仍旧象以往一样，相信彬格莱先生真正喜欢吉英。伊丽莎白一向很看重他，现在才知道他原来是这样一个容易说话而没有主意的人，以致被他那批诡计多端的朋友们牵制住了，听凭他们反复无常地作弄他，拿他的幸福作牺牲品想到这些，她就不能不气愤，甚至不免有些看不起他。 (Jane Austin, Pride and Prej

19、udice),I came, I saw, I conquered. Edward looked at his red beard in the tableknife. Then Edward and Pia went to Sweden, to the farm. In the mailbox Pia found a check for Willie from the government of Sweden. It was for twenty-three hundred crowns and had a rained-on look. Pia put the check in the p

20、ocket of her brown coat. Pia was pregnant. In London she had been sick every day. In London Pia and Edward had seen the Marat Sade at the Aldwych Theatre. Edward bought a bottle of white stuff for Pia in London. It was supposed to make her stop vomiting. Edward walked out to the wood barn and broke

21、up wood for the fire. Snow in patches lay on the ground still. Pia wrapped cabbage leaves around chopped meat. She was still wearing her brown coat. Willies check was still in the pocket. It was still Sunday. (Donald Barthelme, Unspeakable Practices, Unnatural Acts),Short Sentence,Left-branching Nes

22、ting Right-branching,anticipatory,Loose sentence,Periodic sentence,Some were decorous: old people in long stiff robes of mauve and grey, grave master workmen, quiet, merry women carrying their babies and chatting as they walked. (Advanced English, Book 2),a. The past, with its crimes, its follies, a

23、nd its tragedies, flashes away. (Advanced English, Book 1) b. In the streets between houses with red roofs and painted walls, between old moss-grown gardens and under avenues of trees, past great parks and public buildings, processions moved. (Advanced English, Book 2) c. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wif