大学英语语法 并列与从属.ppt

1、并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。从语义 上看，两个分句所表示的意义，在说话人看 来，如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它们 并列起来，连成一个并列句。而从属是语义 上分清主次的手段，是把次要的思想内容置 于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要 思想。如： We are prepared to make certain concessions. We find it hard to put up with the loss.,next,并列与从属,并列,next,We are prepared to make certain concessions but we find it hard to pu

2、t up with the loss. 语义重心在后半句,从属,Although/Though/Even though/While we are prepared to make certain concessions, we find it hard to put up with the loss. Although/Though/Even though/While we find it hard to put up with the loss, we are prepared to make certain concessions. 语义重心在主句,常用的并列连词有： and, or, b

3、ut, nor, so, yet, both and， either or, not but, not only but also, notnor, neither nor, as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, for（因为）, while（而）, whereas 等。 (见教材P342-343),next,限定从属分句： 从句相当于名词、形容词、副词。 1）从句当名词用名词性从句，可作主语，宾语，主语补语，介词补足成分和同位语。 I just cant understand why Lady Gaga is so popular.,

4、2) 从句当形容词用，做定语形容词性分句，即关系分句，定语从句 It is the pig (which/that) Tina raises.,next,3)从句当副词用，做状语副词性分句，即状语从句 When she was still a baby, she liked taking photos.,next,next,1. Youll find it where it was. 2. Tell me the place where he lives . 3. I dont know where he came from . 4. Where he has gone is not know

5、n yet . 5. This is where they once lived .,(地点状语从句),(定语从句),(宾语从句),(主语从句),(表语从句),next,从属连词，连接代词，连接副词， 关系代词，关系副词,从属连词:用来引导状语从句和名词性从句(引导名词性从句的只有that, whether，在句中不作成分）。 连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句 关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句,This is the book which I like most. I have no idea which wine is best. I have no idea what wine is b

6、est. I dont know which wine is best. I believe that he will succeed. He is not the person _ he used to be. He is not _ he used to be.,next,范围小，同位语从句,范围大，同位语从句,宾语从句,that不充当成分，无意义,that,what,1：In some countries, is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. (CET-4, 1995年6月) A)

7、which B) one C) that D) what 2： is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(CET-6，1993年6月) A) It is the sun and not the earth B) Being the sun and not the earth C) The sun and not the earth D) That the sun and not the earth,next,主语从句,D,D,1：The reason wh

8、y he hasnt come is _. A) because his mother is ill B ) because of his mothers being ill C ) that his mother is ill D ) for his mother is ill,next,表语从句,C,1：The mere fact most people believe nuclear wars would be madness doesnt mean that it will not occur.(CET-4，1997年6月) A) what B) which C) that D) wh

9、y,next,同位语从句,C,1：By success I dont mean usually thought of when that word is used.(CET-4，1996年6月) A) what is B) that we C) as you D) all is 2：This book will show the readers can be used in other contexts.(CET-6，1996年1月) A) how that they have observed B) that how they have observed C) how what they h

10、ave observed D) that they have observed,next,宾语从句,A,C,1：Scientists say it may be five or ten years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (CET-4，1995年6月) A) since B) when C) after D) before 2：I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, something occurred which attracted my

11、attention.(CET-4，1996年1月) A) unless B) until C) when D) while 3：Stormy applause broke forth she appeared on the stage. A) the moment B) a moment C) at the moment D) in a moment,next,状语从句,D,C,A,the moment, the minute, the instant, the second immediately, instantly, directly Immediately you begin to t

12、alk, he gives you his full attention.,由关系代词引导的定语从句: 1：It wasnt such a good dinner she had promised us.(CET-4，1990年1月) A) that B) which C) as D) what 2：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, is often the case in other countries.(CET-4，1998年6月) A) as B)

13、 what C) so D) that,next,定语从句,C,A,由关系代词引导的定语从句: 3: There is no rule has exceptions. A) which B) that C) but D) unless,next,定语从句,C,比较下列句子中的but用法是否相同。 1. There was no one but knows that. 2. There are very few but admire his talents. 3. No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it. 4. Nothing is so

14、 hard but it becomes easy by practice.,1、2句中的that是关系代词，相当于that not 或whonot；3、4句中的是连词，相当于but that,由关系副词引导的定语从句: 1：You are just the same as you were the day I first met you.(考研,1982年) A) that B) which C) when D) how 2：Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place .(CET-4，1999年6月) A) where Id like to vi

15、sit B) I most want to visit C) in which Id like to visit D) what I want to visit most,next,定语从句,C,B,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句比较 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词来引导。非限制性定语从句（教材P. 380）仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。,My daughter, who studies in the U.S., rang me yesterday. My daughter

16、who studies in the U.S. rang me yesterday.,（一）在定语从句中只用 that 的情况 1 先行词为不定代词all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等时 IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou? 2 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或all，any，much，few，some , little, no , every， the only , the very等修饰时Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears. 3 先行词为

17、既指人又指物的两个或两个以上的名词时Theboyandthedogthatareinthepicture areverylovely.,next,Which与that在定语从句中的区别,4 关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时 He is not the man that he was ten years ago. 5 主句是以who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句时 Who is the man that is standing there? (二) 不用 that的情况 1 在非限制性定语从句中 2 在介词之后,next,Which与that在定语从句中的区别,1 _ you dont l

18、ike him is none of my business. A What B Who C That D / _is a pity that you missed his speech. A That B This C What D It _was known to us all that Tom had broken his promise _he would give them a rise. A As, which B What，that C It ，that D It，which,next,C,C,D,Nobody believed his reason for being late

19、 _ his car broken down on the way. A that B why C which D because _ all the invention have in common is _ they have succeeded. A What what B That that C What that D That what 6 She is no longer the person _she used to be. A that B which C what D who,next,A,C,A,next,长难句分析,1This trend began during the

20、 Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.,这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些 国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构 提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。,next,长难句分析,2. What we should like to know

21、is whether life originated as the result of some amazing accident or succession of coincidences, or whether it is the normal event for inanimate matter to produce life in due course, when the physical environment is suitable.,我们想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某个惊人的事件，或是一系列的巧合呢?还是当自然环境适合，无生命的物质经过相当一段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢?,nex

22、t,长难句分析,3. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.,虽然警示语通常是合理和必要的，如有关药物产生相互作

23、用从而产生危险的警示语，而且许多警示语是州和联邦法律要求的。但是，如果消费者受到伤害，这些警示语能否使产销商免于责任还很难说。,next,长难句分析,4Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent

24、 panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.,他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种实验，-尽管还没有人提出要这样做-他建议成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈法罗夏皮罗领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就克隆人的国家政策问题提出建议并向白宫汇报。,next,长难句分析,5.

25、One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.,一种观点认为工作时间将会持续下降。该观点用于支持以下看法，即就业将继续是主要的工作方式；就业机会将最终提供给所有想就业的人。,next,长难句分析,6Althou

26、gh it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permiss

27、ible if the actor intends only the good effect.,尽管最高法院认为，宪法并没有赋予医生帮助病人安乐死的权利，但是实践中最高法院支持“双重效果”的医疗原则。这个几个世纪以来的医疗道德原则认为，如果一种行为具有双重效果-既有医治的良好效果又有可以预见的有害效果-为了达成良好效果，应当允许这一行为实施。,next,3题,1. whoever/whomever They always give the vacant seats to _ comes first. Give it to _ you like. 2. who/whoever _ leaves

28、the room last ought to turn off the light. _ will give us a talk is unknown to us all. 3. whoever/no matter who _ told you that was lying. Come out of there, _ you are. 连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句 关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句 .,whoever,whomever /whoever,Whoever,Who,Whoever,whoever /no matter who,next,8题,1.We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. A. which B. that C. where D. when 2. -Do you have anything to say for yourself? -Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on . A. why B. where C. how D. / 3. Today, well discuss a number