英语写作基础 课件.ppt

1、Chapter 1 Manuscript Form and Punctuation, Write on every other line Dont write to the very edge of the page Title: a. capitalized: except articlesprepconjunctions b. punctuation: (no full stop, question mark is proper),1. Arrangement,2. Word Division, Division made based on syllables one-syllable w

2、ords can not be devided (count/health/thought) is not recommended,3. Capitalization, Proper names, key words in titles, addresses, and the first words of sentences, a/o, u/n, dot i that that is not is not; that that is is not that that is not; that that is not is not that that is.,Chapter 2,Using Pr

3、oper Words,Types of words (levels of words), Common words: used in our daily life (same, speech, piece), Formal words: used in formal occasions (identical, oration, fragment), Nonstandard words: oral English (aint, damn, cool, jolly),Types of words: general Vs specific, General words: used for summa

4、ry and generation, Specific words: used for detailed, vivid description,Example: a good man kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm- hearted, selfless, brave, honorable,Guidelines about the choice of words,Use common or informal words for general purposes; use formal or nonstandard words onl

5、y on occasions or for special purpose. Use specific and concrete words when giving details; use general or abstract words when making summaries Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoid combinations affected by mother tongue. When there are synonyms, choose the word that

6、express the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.,Meanings of words, Conceptual meanings (basic meanings of words), Associative meanings (meanings related to words),For example: woman,an adult female person,weak, gentle, emotional, sentimental,Think about the word mother,Words,M

7、eanings of words,Please tell the differences between the two words,cheap/ inexpensive,Can you think of more examples,derogatory,neutral,skinny/slim,statesman/politician,laudatory,很瘦的、皮包骨的,苗条的、纤细的,Meanings of words (different collocation),Please tell the differences between these words,1.small/ littl

8、e,a _ pair of shoes,The _ girl is so cute.,2.durable/ lasting,3. country, nation, state, land,mother _ European _ _ documents _ wide,Exercises, Choose the right word.,economical/ mean He is too _ with his money to buy us a meal. She is a (n) _ housekeeper.,2. homely/ ugly He had a (n) _ dangerous lo

9、ok on his face. She is a (n) _ girl but shes kind-hearted.,Exercises, Choose the right word.,3. surprised/ stunned The taste _ him; it was not as hed imagined it. He was _ by the unfairness of their judgment.,4. refused/ declined We asked them to come to our party, but they _ the invitation.,Exercis

10、es, Find the corresponding common words.,aid_ chamber_ prohibit_ assist_ commence_ deem_ indicate_ participate_ initially_ dissimilar_ desire_ supply_ endeavor_ feeble_ locate_ require_ state_ sufficient_,help,room,stop,help,begin,think,show,take part in,at first,different,want,give,try,weak,lie,ask

11、,say,enough,Exercises, Change any words if not proper in sentences.,Now, lets commence the meeting.,2. When did you retire to bed last night?,3. Small and poor as the country was, it refused to receive economic help from big countries.,4. Today I wanna discuss problems connected with thermodynamics

12、and Im gonna present some new material which will be of considerable interest to all the people at this conference.,Words,Word Order, Please tell the differences.,1. an old friend/ My friend is old.,a late train The train is late. the late president,2. late,晚班的,晚点了,已故的,Words,Word Order, Please tell

13、the differences.,3. I only ate the vegetables. Only I ate the vegetables.,4. Even he cant understand the question. He cant even understand the question. He cant understand even this question.,Words,Figures of Speech, Find the figures of speech used in the paragraph.,Have you ever been at sea in a de

14、nse fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding- line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen?,Words,Figures of Speech, Personification,1. The leaves are trembling i

15、n the cold wind.,2. This time fate was smiling to him.,Practice: making sentences machine/ uncooperative wind/ whisper wave/ shore,Words,Figures of Speech, Simile,1. Her eyes are as blue as the sea.,2. He is like a brave lion.,Practice: rewriting sentences with simile This child is a sweet candy. He

16、 was strangled in the net of gossip. The man has a heart of stone.,Words,Figures of Speech, Metaphor,1. All the world is a stage.,2. The parks are the lungs of the city.,Practice: rewriting sentences with metaphor Post cards came into his office like a flood. His voice sounded like a thunder in the

17、dark night. Life is like a journey full of pitfalls.,Words,Figures of Speech, Hyperbole,1. They almost died laughing.,2. The movie almost scared us to death.,Practice: making sentences sad tired happy,Words,Figures of Speech, Oxymoron,He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scienti

18、st with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone

19、on foreign soil. “Alfred Nobel-A Man of Contrasts”,Words,Figures of Speech, Transferred Epithet,1. He spent an anxious day in the lockup.,2. The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.,Practice: making sentences 不眠之夜 不假思索 忙碌一天,Words,Figures of Speec

20、h, Pun,1. We must all hang together, or we shall hang separately.,2. Whats wrong with this fish? Long time no sea.,3. Whats the difference between a girl and a soldier?,A girl powders her face, but a soldier faces the powder.,Words,Figures of Speech, Antithesis,1. To err is human; To forgive, divine

21、.,2. Love is an ideal thing, and marriage a real thing.,Practice: rewriting sentences It is easier to say something than to do something. We consider things in a general way, but we live in a very detailed way. Speech is as good as silver, but if you keep silent, you have gold.,Words,Figures of Spee

22、ch, Euphemism,1. All of us want to escape the fact that John would never come back again.,2. He has been job waiting for several months.,Practice: finding out euphemisms His wife now needs to eat for two. She is feeling her own age now. Jack did something illegal and now he is staying at the correct

23、ional center.,Words,Figures of Speech, Rhyme,1. The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.,2. No sweet without sweat.,Practice: finding out the rhyming words Something is rough and tough. The day is fresh and fair, and there is a smell of narcissus in the air. It is only a blessed ghost.,Words,Fig

24、ures of Speech,Exercises: point out kinds of figures of speech,1. The car rode as smoothly as a ship in calm waters. 2. The boy stood there frightened to death, his eyes, as big as saucers, staring at the corpse. 3. She came into the room like a ship entering harbor after a triumphant voyage. 4. Her

25、 rich relatives rained birthday presents on her only son.,Words,Figures of Speech,Exercises,5. His friends praised his daughters performance to the skies. 6. I must be cruel only to be kind. 7. The handsome houses on the street to the college were not fully awake, but they looked very friendly. 8. T

26、hey talked to the foreigner in hesitant English.,Words,Figures of Speech,Exercises,9. Walls have ears. 10. This short and easy trip made a lasting and profound change in Harolds outlook. 11. He has breathed his last noble breath. 12. What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.,Words,Choice of words

27、, Exactness,Do not write so that your words may be understood, but write so that your words must be understood. - an old English saying,The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lightning and the lightning bug. - Mark Twain,Words,Choice of words, Exa

28、ctness,A. Clear about the conceptual meanings of words,She told us the incredible story of her 134 days in the desert. He raised his eyebrows and gave me an incredulous look.,This is the only bridge across the bridge. Look both ways before you cross the road.,Words,Choice of words, Exactness,B. Clea

29、r about the associative meanings of words,Many politicians are notorious hypocrites. France is famous for its wine.,The oldest existing manuscript The oldest living manuscript,Words,Choice of words, Exactness,C. Specify words,And local residents, seeing the same bag lady on the same corner every day

30、, will give her some change as they pass.,“ You never ask my opinion about anything,” Rod said.,Words,Choice of words, Exactness,D. Proper words in proper occasions,On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathies.,Words,Choice of words, Exactness,Exe

31、rcises: rewrite sentences with more accurate words.,She put the waste paper into the basket. The baby moved closer to his mother. The boy looked at the stranger in an angry way. The restaurant serves good food. My uncle is a good man.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,A. Turn clauses and sentences

32、into words or phrases,1. When you come to the second traffic light, turn right. -Turn right at the second traffic light.,2. The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages. - The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.,Brevity is the soul of

33、wit .,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,B. Use words without no to show negative meanings,When kids do not have disciplines at their schools, it means they do not have discipline in the home. - Absence of discipline in the schools reflects absence of discipline in the home.,Words,Choice of words, C

34、onciseness,B. Use words with negative meanings,2. As an accountant, I do not agree with people using company money that is not pre-authorized. - As an accountant, I disagree with people using unauthorized money.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,C. Avoid being wordy,due to the fact that during the

35、same time that concerning the matter of in order to regardless of the fact has the ability to sing,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,D. Avoid meaningless repetition,It is impossible to ask me to do the impossible. - You cannot expect me to do the impossible.,2. A great many of the students in the c

36、lass lack the ability of being able to speak fluently. - Many students in the class lack the ability of speaking fluently.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,E. Use pronouns instead of repetition of nouns,In a certain store where they sell puddings, a number of these delicious things are laid out in

37、 a row during the Christmas season. Here you may select the one which is most to your taste, and you are even allowed to sample them before coming to a decision.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,F. Use abstract nouns,When the White House scandal broke, many said they had respect for what the Presi

38、dent symbolizes but not the President himself. - When the White House scandal broke, many said they had respect for the Presidency but not the President.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,F. Use abstract nouns,2. The girl suddenly became frightened and fled to the castle, which made her feel safe.

39、- The girl suddenly became frightened and fled to the safety of the castle.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,Exercises: make sentences concise,It makes me painful to think that she has to work 12 hours a day and seven days a week. 2. Mrs. Walker sat by, nodding her head to show her approval. 3. Th

40、e reason why I stay behind was because I had no money.,Words,Choice of words, Conciseness,Exercises: make sentences concise,4. He was frightened with fear by the mysterious sound behind him. 5. What is there to learn from past history? 6. In the book it tells about a spring when no birds sang.,The,W

41、ords,Choice of words, Conciseness,Exercises: translate into concise English,你觉得合适就干，不合适就别干。 Go ahead if you think the job suits you and _. 2. 狗总爱追猫，但是很少有猫去追狗。 Dogs often chase cats and _. 3. 红灯亮着表示机器在运转，不亮表示机器不在运转。 The machine is working when the red light is on and _.,dont if not,not usually vice v

42、ersa,not otherwise,Words,Choice of words, Effectiveness,A. Figures of speech,支票掉到了地上。 -The check fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.,2. Upon arrival, we defeated our enemies and seized the territory. - We came, we saw, we conquered.,Words,Choice of words, Effectiveness,B. Seek the

43、 right words,1. 树叶落了下来。 - A few leaves fell floating to the ground. - A few leaves came whirling down.,2. My aunt walked into the grocery store angrily and asked for a refund. - My aunt stormed into the grocery store and demanded a refund.,Words,Choice of words, Effectiveness,Exercises: make sentenc

44、es effective,She was not happy with the rehearsal, and neither the sets nor her dressing room nor the acoustics of the theater were good enough for her.,Words,Choice of words, Effectiveness,Exercises: make sentences effective,2. They walked inside the room in a cautious manner.,3. A bolt of lightnin

45、g appeared in the sky.,4. It is the best time to act, and we must seize the opportunity right now.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,For a person who is looking for job, it is a essential skills for him to find a better position. 2. Its make me happy and have no pressure. 3. Im feeling have a

46、chocolate. 4. And the winter without snow even much colder than before. 5. If you ask me why do you want to be a teacher,Correct sentences,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,5. Because we didnt knows that how can we found a refuge. 6. Just one year I will leave school go to another collectivity

47、. 7. My personality is enthusiasm and patiently. 8. So, the more read, the more wisest. 9. It made me saw a so beautiful picture.,Correct sentences,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,10. You can shopping at any time if you like because the on-line shop are opened 24 hours a day. 11. Title: A gl

48、ance of spring 12. It in some way carry to people the just voice of the society. 13. I very like these clothes.,Correct sentences,Sentences,Types of sentences, Simple sentence,Short, Concise and Clear 1. Christmas was coming. I wanted a pony. To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that

49、I wanted nothing else. “Nothing but a pony?” my father asked. “Nothing,” I said.,S+V 只包含一个主谓结构的句子,Sentences,Types of sentences, Simple sentence,Short, Concise and Clear 2. He did. He ran sprints, he ran hurdles, he ran distance races. He high-jumped, he long-jumped. He threw the javelin and the shot

50、. Finishing first in eight events, the big fellow beat the whole Lafayette team.,S+V 只包含一个主谓结构的句子,Sentences,Types of sentences, Simple sentence,Short, Concise and Clear 3. People think I am foolish and ignorant, but Im not. I listen. I hear. I see. I think. I read. I walk alone by myself.,S+V 只包含一个主

51、谓结构的句子,Sentences,Types of sentences, Simple sentence,Short, Concise and Clear 4. I hardly heard, I could scarcely wait. I was so happy, so thrilled. I rode off up the street. Such a beautiful pony. And mine!,S+V 只包含一个主谓结构的句子,Sentences,Point out elliptical sentences Half the fun of going west is disc

52、overing, along the way, how much the past is still with us. Old wives tales. Little old farm towns shaded from the summer heat by enormous maple trees on streets. White-haired folks reading the paper on their farmhouse porches at sunset. Worn out windmills standing alone on pasturesAll in all, we di

53、d not see much evidence that small-town America is vanishing,古老的传说、老式的农村小镇、 沿街两侧的巨大枫树、 白发苍苍的读报老人 及牧场上的破旧风车,Sentences,Types of sentences, Compound sentence,+conj. 我主修计算机科学，我妹妹主修通信专业。 I am studying computer science, and my sister ismajoring in communications. 凯特想去购物，汤姆不愿意开车带她去。 Kate wanted to go shopp

54、ing, but Tom refused to drive her.,Two or more simple sentences connected with conjunctions or punctuations.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Compound sentence,2. conj. 我转动了钥匙不过引擎没开。 I turned on the key but the engine wouldnt start. 那是年前我住在巴黎。 It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris.,Two or m

55、ore simple sentences connected with conjunctions or punctuations.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Compound sentence,3. ; All happy families are like one another; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. I got a job; moreover, I got a raise soon.,Two or more simple sentences connected with conjun

56、ctions or punctuations.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Compound sentence,4. , /; for at least three sentences I came, I saw, I conquered. The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage; the walls were dirty with ink marks; it was all silent.,Two or more simple sentences connected with

57、 conjunctions or punctuations.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,Sandy seemed willing to help clean up. She left immediately after dinner. 2. The thunder roared. The lightning flashed. 3. Im not deaf. Im not blind. 4. Many people think big is definitely not beautiful. Many people go on a diet.

58、,Combine the two sentences into compound sentences.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,5. Invest your money in stocks. Put it in the bank. 6. San Francisco attracts thousands of fine food lovers each year. That city has many two-and three- star restaurants. 7. Men made houses. Women made homes.,Combine the two sentences into compound sentences.,Sentences,Types of sentences, Exercises,Yesterday Janet lost her purse, and she went to the store. 2. My sister is a college graduate, and she has ten children. 3. Yellowstone National Park offers truly unusual sig