Harvard referencing system.ppt

1、Harvard system In-text references, reference lists and bibliographies,Revised edition based on the Australian Government style guide :,Contents,Definitions Introduction Steps to referencing Organising a bibliography or reference list In-text references Reference lists and bibliographies Electronic r

2、esources Standard abbreviations used in referencing,Definitions,Annotated bibliography :a bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes, explains or evaluates the publication referred to. Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level, bias, style, relevance

3、 and credibility.,Definitions,Bibliography a list of books, articles and other sources of information having some relationship to each otherusually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research. It may include items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay

4、 or report.,Definitions,Citation formal description of a book, article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item. Sometimes called a reference by the Harvard system. Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.,Definitions,Endnote l

5、ike a footnote, but placed at the end of the essay, report or chapter.,Definitions,Footnote a note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text. A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the same page in front of the fo

6、otnote. In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information. In the Footnote/endnote system, footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information, both direct quotations from the source o

7、r statements in your own words that paraphrase the authors ideas.,Definitions,In-text reference used in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report. It may be placed in brackets immediately following th

8、e relevant passage, or fully integrated into the text. In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.,Definitions,Periodicals publications that are produced at regular intervals, such as magazines, journals and newspapers. Reference list a list

9、 of books, articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited) in the text of your essay or report. This is used with the Harvard system. No additional items are included in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to your research. Note: Sometimes you ma

10、y provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated bibliography) with your essay or report.,Introduction,reasons for citing sources of information you have used: 1. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers. If you do not let your reader know th

11、at ideas or information presented in your work are actually the work of other people, this is plagiarism for which you can be penalised. 2. Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to substantiate the statements you make in your assignment. 3. Your readers may wish

12、 to find out more about the subject of your work by reading some of the books, articles and other information sources you have used.,Steps to referencing,Step 1: When you are collecting information, you should record all bibliographic details. In the case of a book, bibliographic details refer to in

13、formation like author or editor, date of publication, title, edition (if not the first), volume number (if from a multi-volume work),publisher and place of publication. In the case of a journal article, it refers to author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, journal title, vol

14、ume number, issue number and page number on which the article appears. Step 2: Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.,Steps to referencing,Step 3: Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment. Steps 2 and 3 involve listing cit

15、ations using an accepted format. This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books, articles, audiovisual material, web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given. One widely used format, t

16、he Harvard system, is described in this guide. Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.,Organising a bibliography or reference list,Writing a bibliography or reference list Always be consistent. The following points may seem pedantic(学究式的)details but they can be importan

17、t in interpreting a reference. a) Always assemble the information (e.g. author, title, publisher etc.) in the same order. b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation. c) Be consistent in your use of capital letters.,Organising a bibliography or reference list,Writing a bibliography or reference list

18、 d) Observe the conventions on italics, underlining etc. which help to distinguish books from articles: italics for the title of a book (or videotape, periodical or recording) enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks Note: Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using i

19、talics is now usually preferred because of the predominance of word processors and personal computers which produce clear unambiguous italics. Underlined references can be confused with hypertext links on the Internet. Underlining is mostly used with handwritten or typewritten material.,Organising a

20、 bibliography or reference list,Writing a bibliography or reference list e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order. A single sequence arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (authors name or title) is the most common. Alternatives include: alphabetical wi

21、thin groups according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on mass media divided into general, television and radio) alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g. books, periodicals, audiovisual),Organising a bibliography or reference list,Collecting references As you find your information sources i

22、t is a good idea to record the references in full. It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time, even if you decide not to use it, than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due. If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to no

23、te where you found your source, as well as its call number in that library. This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again if necessary.,In-text references,In the Harvard system, you place brief references in

24、the text of your essay or report to acknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed. These brief references are called in-text references, or sometimes they are called in-text citations, textual references or textual citations. In-text references must be accompanied by a refer

25、ence list that gives full details of the works cited. The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed References.,In-text references,Generally, an in-text reference comprises the authors surname and the year of publication. Additional details such as page numbers, volume nu

26、mbers and authors initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number. e.g. David Miller asks, what does each of us, individually, owe to other human beings, regardless of their cultural make-up, or their citizenship, or their

27、 place of residence? (Miller 2000, p.174),In-text references,Using volume and page numbers If it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text referencefor example if the work is very long, these may be useful for a readeradd these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977, p. 77) Barr

28、 (1995, p. 29) described (Russell 1969, vol. 3, p. 138) See note on Page numbers on the web on p. 20.,In-text references,Dates Sometimes a publication year cannot be found. As the Harvard system is based on the combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes should be used: n.d. = n

29、o known date c. 1995 = circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date)? 1995 = a dubious date forthcoming = a work to be published shortly,In-text references,One author or one organisation as author The name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence. e.g. These changes w

30、ere noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995). Alternatively, the authors surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year, in brackets. e.g. Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes. If the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisat

31、ion. e.g. The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).,In-text references,More than one work More than one work may be cited in a single reference: (Parsaye Simons 1985) Note the authors ar

32、e presented in alphabetical orderP before S. or Parsaye and Chignell (1988), and Simons (1985) describe how Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word and is used rather than an ampersand ( sometimes a reference should also be included in the reference list. Generally

33、, you should include a reference in your bibliography or reference list only if the source of information is a document or other record which is available for other people to consult. When citing unpublished materials, set out as for articles but do not include quotation marks for the title.,Referen

34、ce lists and bibliographies,Unpublished sources of information 1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc. e.g. Florey, HW 1925, Letter to his mother, 6 April, Florey papers in the possession of Dr Joan Gardner, Melbourne. Sobieralski, C 1995, Development of a dangerous goods co

35、mpliance model for the photographic manufacturing industry, MEng thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne. Syme Family 18541947, Personal and business papers, LaTrobe Collection,State Library of ictoria.,Reference lists and bibliographies,Unpublished sources of information 2. Personal l

36、etters, interviews, conversations If you have obtained information directly from a person or organisation through a personal letter, formal interview or informal conversation, this should be acknowledged in an in-text reference. This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference lis

37、t, except when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources, in which case it is appropriate to list them.,Reference lists and bibliographies,Unpublished sources of information 2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations Note that the format is given before the name of the person (or organ

38、isation) for these references. It is useful to include some information indicating the significance of the person to the subject of your work in the reference. Interview with F Walsh, Member of Swinburne Council, 29 June 1989. Lecture on electronic funds transfer systems, by John Smith, School of Bu

39、siness,Swinburne University of Technology, 8 April, 1998. Personal letter from AD Francis, retired bus driver, 29 May 1986.,Electronic resources,When citing electronic resources only use information which appears on the page you are citing. For example, when you are citing an article from an electro

40、nic journal you can only use the information which appears on that page. You cannot use information which may appear on the journals home page, even though that may give more information. There is one occasion when you may need to use information which is not on the page. You will need to do this if

41、 there is no title of the document within the document. Then you can use the title in the title bar. If there is no title in the document and no title in the title bar, you must use the URL as the title of the document.,Electronic resources,Some databases, especially online reference works like ency

42、clopedias, show you how to cite the reference at the end of the entry. You may wish to use these online suggestions to help you write your citation but remember that your reference list should maintain a consistent style.,Electronic resources,Page numbers on the web You can use a page number for a s

43、canned document on the web (a PDF file), but you should not use page numbers for citations or in-text references for ordinary web pages. Although you may print out several pages for a web document, strictly speaking the document is only one page.,Electronic resources,Dates If there is a publication

44、date which is clear, use that date, for example, the date of an issue of a periodical. If there isnt a clear publication date, but you can see when the page was last updated, for example, Last updated use this date. If there isnt a clear publication date, but you can see a copyright date, for exampl

45、e, use this date.,Electronic resources,Articles in online databases If you use an article from an online database you must state clearly which database it came from. You have used a version of the article that the publisher has supplied to the database. There may be variations between versions of th

46、e same article, for example, articles in different editions of the same newspaper may have different text or even different titles, therefore you must always give full details of the version of the article you have used. Sometimes it is hard to work out what the name of a database is. You can confus

47、e the name of the database with the name of the online service provider, or the name of the software it uses. If you need help please contact the Library.,Electronic resources,Articles in online databases Include this information, if applicable: a) Author(s) b) Year of publication c) Title of articl

48、e d) Title of periodical e) Volume and/or issue number f) Day, month or season g) Identifying edition or version numbers or other identifying information,Electronic resources,Articles in online databases Include this information, if applicable: h) Page numbers if they are included. NB this is not an

49、 estimate of how many printed pages would result from printing the article, but the page numbers given in the database. i) Title of the database and name of online service, if applicable j) DOI (Digital Object Identifier). If there is no DOI, but there is some other article,document or file number,

50、use this number. Write the number exactly as it is written in the electronic record e.g. ProQuest Document ID 771792141. k) Date accessed,Electronic resources,Articles in online databases 1. Article with an author e.g. Kennedy, S 1998, So many URLsso little time!, Information Today, vol. 15, no. 11,

51、Academic Search Elite, EBSCOhost, AN 1460612, viewed 10 April 2002. 2. Article without an author e.g. Russia says it foiled illegal sale of weapons-grade uranium 2001, The New York Times, 7 December, Factiva, Document nytf000020011207dxc70001a, viewed 12 April 2002.,Electronic resources,Articles in

52、online databases 3. Conference paper e.g. Fan, W, Gordon MD & Pathak, P 2000, Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management, Proceedings of the twenty first international conference on information systems: 2000, pp. 2034, ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library,

53、viewed 24 April 2002.,Electronic resources,Articles from online journals Include the same information as for an article in an online database, but leave out the database information h) and i) and finally add the URL. e.g. Bajjalieh, SM & Scheller, RH 1995, The biochemistry of neurotransmitter secret

54、ion, JBC Online, vol. 270, no. 5, pp. 19711974, viewed 13 January 2003, /cgi/content/full/270/5/1971.,Electronic resources,Reports from online databases Include this information, if applicable: a) Author(s), Editor(s) or Compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the report b) Date

55、 the report was created c) Title of the report d) Name of the database e) Identifying number f) Date accessed e.g. IBISWorld Australia 2004, Taxi and other road passenger transport in Australia (I6123), 7 September, IBISWorld, viewed 4 January 2005.,Electronic resources,Articles from online encyclop

56、edias e.g. Puma 2003, Encyclopdia Britannica Online, viewed 14 January 2003. Extract from an online book e.g. Coult, DJ 1993, Optical thin film design in Wachtman, JB & RA Haver (eds),Ceramic films and coatings, William Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Knovel, viewed 5 January 2005. Table from an online boo

57、k e.g. Thermochemical properties of inorganic chemicals interactive table in Patnaik, P 2003, Handbook of inorganic chemicals, McGraw Hill, Knovel, viewed 10 January 2005.,Electronic resources,Web pages Include this information, if applicable: a) Author(s), Editor(s) or Compiler(s) or organisation r

58、esponsible for the site b) Year the document was created or the date of the most recent revision, modification or update. You may use the copyright date of a web page. If the copyright date is a range of dates e.g. 19961998, you should use the latest date. e.g. Basic CGOS style, modified 20 March 20

59、00, viewed 24 April 2002, /ca/cup/cgos/idx_basic.htm.,Electronic resources,Web pages Include this information, if applicable: c) Title of document. The page title may be clearly shown at the top of the page. If it is not, a title may be shown in the title bar at the very top of the screen. If the title shown in the title bar is abbreviated, or not available, use the URL. d) Description of document if needed for clarification e.g. media release e) Name of the sponsor of the web page f) Date accessed g) URL,Electronic resources,Web pages 1. Web document with an