积分球校准操作说明

1、,Photometry System Calibration光度测定系统标准,2,Photometry光度测量,What is photometry? 什么是光度测量,Photometry is the measurement of light. 光度测定是用来测量光 If you cannot measure what you produce, you will not be in business for long. 如果你不能测量你自己的产品,那么你不会有长久的买卖,3,Electromagnetic Spectrum电磁波频谱,4,Radiation辐射,Light is the po

2、rtion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum that can excite the retina and produce a visual sensation. 光是电磁波频谱的一部分,它能刺激视网膜产生视觉 Visible Light可见光 380 to 800 nm UltraViolet Radiation紫外辐射 UV-C - 200 to 260 nm UV-B - 260 to 320 nm UV-A - 320 to 400 nm长波紫外线 InfraRed Radiation红外辐射 800 to 3600 nm,5,Relative Eye S

3、ensitivities眼睛相对的灵敏度,Scotopic Eye Sensitivity Curve暗视觉灵敏度曲线,Photopic Eye Sensitivity Curve适光,6,Integrating Spheres Why use them?积分球,In practice, luminous flux is measured using an integrating sphere. 习惯上积分球用来测量光通量 The spheres are coated with a highly diffuse, reflective and spectrally flat coating.

4、球面上覆盖有一层高反射物质 The advantage of a sphere is that the light from the test source is “integrated” via multiple reflections such that the reflected light striking any point on the sphere wall is proportional to the luminous flux emitted by the lamp. 球的优势是测试源的光是”完整的”,经过多次反射,反射光照到球面内任何一个点上的灯发出的光通量是均衡的,Sys

5、tem Design系统设计,8,Sphere Design球设计,Detector to measure the light output. 探头测量光的输出 Baffle to block the direct light from the lamp from the detector 档片阻挡从灯管直接到探头的光 We are interested in the integrated reflected light in the sphere not direct light (Illuminance). 我们要测定的是在球内完整的反射光而不是直接照射光 Auxiliary Lamp a

6、nd baffle to monitor the sphere calibrations. 辅助灯和挡片是监控球的标准,9,Sphere Photometer球面光度计,10,Sphere Theory球原理,E = I/r2 E=Illuminance照度 I=Luminous Intensity发光强度,1,1,E = I/A E=Illuminance I=Luminous Intensity,LINE 1 HAS ONE REFLECTION直线1有一个反射,E1 = r/A,Sphere Theory,1,1,2,2,2,E = I/A,LINE 2 HAS TWO REFLECTI

7、ONS,E2 = rr/A,Sphere Theory,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,E = I/A,LINE 3 HAS THREE REFLECTIONS,E3 = rrr/A,Sphere Theory,ETOTAL = I/r2 + r/A + rr/A + rrr/A+ . . .,ETOTAL = I/r2 + r/A + r2/A + r3/A+ .,ETOTAL = I/r2 + /A S (r + r2 + r3 + . . .),ETOTAL = I/r2 + r A (1-r),Sphere Theory,ETOTAL = r After Baffle Insert

8、ion to Block Direct A (1-r),The detector signal is proportional to luminous flux!探测到的信号与光通量成比例,15,Basic Photometry Systems,16,Units: Lumens 1 lm is 1 “light Watt”. 单位:Lumens-1lm是1”光瓦” Eye sensitivity corrected power. Definition: The time rate of flow of radiant energy (radiant power) as weighted by

9、the photopic spectral sensitivity of the eye. 定义:光源在单位时间内所发出的光量,其中可产生视觉者 If a uniform point light source of 1 cd luminous intensity is positioned at the center of a sphere of 1-m radius, every area of 1 m2 on the inside of the sphere will receive a luminous flux of 1 lm. 如果在一个半径为1m的球内的中心位置有一个光强度为1cd

10、的均匀点光源,在1 m2 内表面接收到的光通量是1lm.,Luminous Flux ()光通量,17,Determined by Equation:方程式 P() is the spectral power distribution (SPD) of the light source in W/nm P()是光源的光谱能量分布W/nm V() is the photopic spectral sensitivity of the eye used here as a “weighting factor” V()是眼睛产生的视觉-”权重因数” This is the fundamental p

11、hotometric equation 这是光度的基本方程 k = 683 lm/W,Luminous Flux (),18,Photometry System Calibration,19,Photometry System Calibration光度系统标准,Why calibrate?为什么用标准？ Proper calibration links Philips measurements to Standard International Unitsoptical watt and lumen. 飞利蒲测量单位是以国际单位为标准-瓦特和流明 US Federal Trade Commi

12、ssion requires that ratings in catalogues, in advertising, etc be based in actual measurements. 美国商务委员会要求刊登在目录、广告等要基于实物测量 Many customers request certification to ANSI, CSA, or other standards. Photometric measurements are a part of many certifications. 许多顾客要求有ANSI, CSA或者其它标准的认证。光度测量也是这些标准中的一部分。 Gove

13、rnmental contracts (state and national) many times require certification. 政府合同大多数要求有证明 Philips Lighting is in the business of providing light and lighting solutions, NOT selling “light bulbs”. We must be able to measure what we sell. 飞利蒲照明是供应灯和照明方案，不出售“电灯泡”。我们必须有能力测试我们所卖的。 Luminous flux, color, CRI,

14、 Lifetime, etc is what we sell and how we differentiate ourselves from others. 我们出售的产品的光通量、色温、CRI、寿命等，如何与其它公司区别,20,Photometry System Calibration,Why calibrate? Without good measurements, we cannot: 没有好的测量法，我们不能： Determine our quality. 决定我们的质量 Judge the effectiveness of improvements or product cost r

15、eductions. 判定效力的提升或者生产成本减少 Properly analyze customer complaints. 完整的分析顾客抱怨 Effectively bench mark the competition. 有效的竞争基点 Provide good data for court cases. 提供对案例有益的资料 Rebut competition claims and misinformation. 反驳竞争要求和误传 Support sales. 支持销售,21,Fundamental Calibration Equation标准方程的基本原理,Calibration

16、s are typically performed by measuring a known value and then establishing a Calibration Factor or Correction Factor as the ratio of the known and Measured Value: 标准代表测量一个已知值，设定一个校准因数或者修正因数当作已知和测量值的比率 Measured values of unknowns are then calculated as: 测量未知值计算如下,22,Fundamental Calibration Equation方程

17、基本原理,The standard lamps are placed in the sphere and operated at the electrical characteristics specified by the certificate 标准灯放置在球内然后按照说明书进行电特性操作 The flux value provided by the certificate is then used to determine the Calibration Factor: 根据说明书提供的光通量值测定校准因数 For some photometers (LMT I1000 and C120

18、0s) this value can be entered in as the attenuator for the system. 这个值可以当作是一些光度计系统的衰减器,23,Sphere Corrections球体修正,Corrections must be applied to integrating sphere measurements to account for Lamp Color, Shape, Size, non-linear (or different) sphere illumination, fixturing, and Intensity Distribution

19、. 修正必须适用于累计球（光度计的圆球）测量说明灯的色温、外型、尺寸、非线形（或者不同）球照明、预定时间和亮度分布 The corrections are:修正如下： Self Absorption自吸收 Spatial空间 Intensity Distribution亮度分布 Spectral光谱 Positional位置,24,Photometry System Calibration光度测量系统标准,There are typically only 2 calibrations required for photometry systems: 光度测量系统典型的有2个要求标准 Lumin

20、ous flux (detector based)光通量（基于探头） Spectral光谱 Once correction factors are determined, the information can be put into calculation software (such as PDAQ) or spreadsheets and automatically used in the measurement process. 一旦确定修正因数，资料应该被输入到计算软件（象PDAQ）或者电子数据表格，自动使用在测量程序中。,25,Photometry Systems Calibrat

21、ion,Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1：探头标准-光通量标准 Lumens流明 Includes SAF, ID, Spectral, Spatial, Positional Correction Factors 包括SAF、ID、光谱、空间、位置、修正因数 Equipment: LMT, sphere. 设备：LMT、球 Calibration 2: Spectral Based Calibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration

22、 标准2：光谱标准-光谱能量分布 Spectral Power Distribution光谱能量分布 Used to calculate CCT, CRI, x, y, all R-values 习惯上计算CCT、CRI、X、Y、所有R值 x,y correction factors are dependent upon this calibration, NOT the luminous flux calibration. X、Y的修正因数依赖于这个标准，不是光通量标准。 This calibration is currently a “relative” calibration does

23、not include corrections such as SAF, ID, etc. 这个标准是当前“相对的”标准-不包括修正象SAF、ID等 The calculated values need only relative values, not absolute values. 计算值需要的只是相对值不是绝对值 Equipment: DAS, OMA, Monochromator, Spectrometers, etc. 设备：数据采集器、OMA、单色仪、分光计等。,26,Photometry Systems Calibration,Correction factors applie

24、d to luminous flux can include: 修正因数适用于光通量包括： Self Absorption Correction: A lamp in a sphere absorbs light emitted by itself and reflected back from the sphere wall, thus reducing the sphere responsivity 自吸收修正：一支灯在球内吸收自身发出和球壁上反射的光，从而减少了球的敏感度 Spectral Mismatch Correction: The spectral responsivity of

25、 the integrating sphere photometer is not perfectly matched to the eye sensitivity curve V(l) function. 光谱失谐修正：积分球的光谱敏感度与人眼灵敏度曲线不是完全相等 Spatial Non-uniformity Response Correction: The response of the sphere is not spatially uniform because of the baffle or other objects in the sphere (fixtures for u-

26、bend), contamination of the sphere wall, gaps between hemispheres, different angular luminous-intensity distributions from those of the test lamp. 空间不均匀反应修正：球内反应不是空间均匀的，因为在球内有挡光片和其它物体，球壁上的污染物，半球的空隙，测试灯从不同角度的照射。,27,Photometry Systems Calibration,Correction factors applied to luminous flux can include

27、: 修正因数适用于光通量包括： Intensity Distribution Response Correction: The response of the sphere is not spatially uniform due to different angular luminous-intensity distributions from those of the test lamp as compared to the calibration lamp. 强度分布反应修正：球体反应空间不一致取决于从标准灯不同角度发光亮度分布 -Positional Correction: Ideal

28、ly, all measured test lamps should be measured in the same positional orientation as the standard lamps during calibration procedures. In some cases, lamps must be measured in a different orientation. This correction is also important when making measurements on position limited lamps. In order to a

29、ccount for any effects that may occur due to a combination of non-uniform spatial issue with the sphere, a positional correction factor is used. -位置修正：理想上所有测试的试验灯应该安装在相同的位置方向按照标准灯的标准程序。有时候，灯必须在不同的方向上测试。这个修正同样重要当靠有限灯管来确定测量位置。为了解决任一效果的可能发生，取决于球的空间不一致问题，所以使用了位置修正因数。,28,Photometry Systems Calibration,Ca

30、libration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1：探头标准-光通量标准 (1) Define the “null” condition of the sphere Example: Empty socket, no lamp. 定义球体“无效”条件 如：没有灯 (2) Determine SAF of the calibration lamp standards 确定SAF标准灯的标准 (3) Determine the Attenuator Setting确定衰减器设置 Measure standard

31、s raw data, no correction factors 测量标准-原始数据，没有修正因数 Attenuator setting is set to force the following: 衰减器设置是强制设置如下： Certificate Lumens = SAF*Raw Lumens 证明光通量=SAF*原始光通量 Note: Raw Lumens = Attenuator Setting*Detector Signal. 注意：原始光通量=衰减器设置*探头信号 Therefore: Lumens = SAF* Attenuator Setting*Detector signa

32、l. 因此：光通量=SAF*衰减器设置*探头信号 Since we have the SAF, we can set the attenuator setting. 一旦我们有了SAF，我们就可以设置衰减器设置了。 Measure standards as a test测试时测量标准 Measured lumens = SAF*Raw lumens. 标准的光通量=SAF*原始光通量 Confirm the data matches the certificate assigned value. 确认证明赋值的数据匹配,29,Photometry Systems Calibration,Cal

33、ibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1：探头标准-光通量标准 (4) Determine Luminous Flux Spectral Correction Factor 确定光通量光谱修正因数 The LMT cell mimics the eye sensitivity curve, but it is never perfect. Therefore, error is introduced. LMT模仿人眼视觉灵敏度曲线，但是它还不是很完美，所以有误差 This correction fa

34、ctor is required whenever lamps are measured with different spectra than the initial calibration source. 修正因数要求无论何时测量不同光谱灯管都应和初始校准源比较 A spectral correction factor is used so that the attenuator does not have to be reset for lamps with different spectra. 因为运用了光谱修正因数，所以不同光谱的灯衰减器也不用重新调整 Determine the S

35、AF for “other” standards (fluorescent, u-bend, etc). 确定SAF适合“其它”标准（荧光灯、U形灯等）。 Measure standards raw lumen data, no correction factors. 测量标准-原始光通数据、无修正因数。 Spectral CF = Certificate Lumens/(SAF*raw lumen data). 光谱CF=证明光通量/（SAF*原始光通数据） Measure standards as a test 测试的测量标准 Measured lumens = SAF*SPEC*Raw

36、lumens.测量光通量=SAF*原始光通量 Confirm the data matches the certificate assigned value. 确认证明赋值的数据匹配,30,Photometry Systems Calibration,Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1:探头标准-光通量标准 (5) Determine Luminous Flux Intensity Distribution Correction Factor (5)确定发光强度分布修正因数 Reflec

37、tor lamps unevenly illuminate the sphere in a different way from the initial standard lamps. This is especially an issue with smaller spheres. 最初的标准灯以不同的方式在球内不均衡的反射.小球的结果尤为特别. This correction factor is required whenever lamps are measured with different illumination patterns than the initial standar

38、ds. 修正因数要求无论何时测量不同光谱灯管都应和初始校准源比较 A intensity distribution correction factor is used so that the attenuator does not have to be reset for lamps with different spectra. 运用亮度分布因数,测试不同光谱灯时衰减器不必重新安装 Determine the SAF for “reflector” standards. 确定SAF适合“反射标准 Measure standards raw lumen data, no correction

39、factors 测试标准-原始光通量数据、无修正因数 Intensity Distribution CF = Certificate Lumens/(SAF*raw lumen data) 亮度分布CF=已证光通量/(SAF*原始光通量数据),31,Photometry Systems Calibration,Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration (5) Determine Luminous Flux Intensity Distribution Correction Factor (contin

40、ued) Measure standards as a test检验测量标准 Measured lumens = SAF*ID*Raw lumens. 标准光通量=SAF*ID*初始光通量 Confirm the data matches the certificate assigned value. 确定初始数据的证明赋值 Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1:探头标准-光通量标准 Other Corrections Factors can be determined such as p

41、ositional, etc. 确定其它修正因数如位置等 Remember, this calibration is for Lumens only! There is no need to perform color corrections at the time you perform lumen calibration. 记住这个标准仅适用光通量!当你操作光通量标准时不必进行颜色修正. The use of correction factors is dependent upon the lamp type. 使用修正因数取决于灯的型号 Measured lumens = SAF*SPE

42、C*ID*Raw lumens. 标准光通量=SAF*SPEC*ID*原始光通量,32,Example - SAF Process,33,Example Spectral CF Process,34,Example Lumen Calibration Process,NO,Note: only shows a few correction factors SAF and Spectral CF.,35,Lumen Calibration Process Contd,36,Photometry Systems Calibration,Calibration 2: Spectral Based C

43、alibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration 标准2:光谱标准-光谱能量分布标准 Spectral Power Distribution光谱能量分布 Used to calculate CCT, CRI, x, y, all R-values 习惯用于计算CCT,CRI,X,Y,所有R值 x,y correction factors are dependent upon this calibration, NOT the luminous flux calibration. X、y修正因数由这个标准决定,不是光通量标准. CCT is d

44、irectly calculated from x,y, so this must be correct for the CCT to be correct. CCT是从x、y中直接计算出来,所以必须给CCT做正确的校正. Calibrate with a Spectral Flux Standard. 校准光谱流量标准 Units are in W/nm 单位 A file with data for the standard lamp is compared with the raw measured data. 比较标准灯的档案资料数据与原始测量数据 Carefully place th

45、e Spectral Flux Standard into the sphere. 小心地将光谱流量标准放进球内 Operate the lamp according to the certificate for the standard. 按照标准说明书安装灯,37,Photometry Systems Calibration,Calibration 2: Spectral Based Calibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration 标准2:光谱标准-光谱能量分布标准 (3) Use appropriate software to me

46、asure the Spectral Flux Standard. (3)用合适的如件来测量光谱流量标准 The software will generate a calibration file by comparing the spectral flux standard file with the measured file, wavelength by wavelength. 通过比较光谱流量标准文件和测试文件,软件会产生一个标准文件 Each data point at each wavelength in the calibration file is calculated according to: 每个波长里的每个数据点在标准文件内计算公式如下 CAL=标准文件数据/原始探测数据 CAL = (Standard File Data)/(Raw Detector Data). The calibration file is used to convert raw detector data to measured data by: 标准文件用于将原始探测数据转变成测量数据: