unit 2 choices of diction（II）.ppt

1、一词多类：一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。 一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。,. Diction 词义的选择,2,The Meaning of Words,Denotation: is the specific, direct, and explicit meaning of a word. The denotative meaning of a word comes directly from its referent and is mostly gained from a dictionary Connotation: is the associati

2、ve or suggestive meaning of a word. The connotative meaning is personal and mostly deduced from ones experience.,外延,内涵,3,The Semantic Triangle of “Winter”,Connotation: desolate, icy, dead, treeless, bitter, barren, snow, cold, chill, white,winter,denotation: the coldest season of the year, including

3、 the months of December, January, and February,e.g. Laughter drives winter from the mind. She is in the winter of her life.,4,Words,Words are generally classified into four groups according to different levels of usage or formality: Formal Standard or common Colloquial or informal Slang,5,Formal Wor

4、ds,Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or “big” words. Most of them are of Greek of Latin origin. Formal words are more commonly used on addresses, eulogies, articles for scholarly journals, technical reports, legal documents, etc. Formal English avoids colloquial expre

5、ssions and therefore sounds different from the way average people speak.,6,Standard or Common Words,Standard or common words are those used by the widest group of educated speakers and writers. Common words are popular in college writing, and are often employed in newspaper, textbooks, non-fiction,

6、best sellers, etc. Common English is easy to understand, and complies well with the written language.,7,Colloquial or Informal Words,Colloquial or informal words are usually short words of one or two syllables. Colloquial or informal words are often used in spoken language and in writing aimed for a

7、 conversational effect.,8,Example:,Common speech is recognized in American to be the proper subject for the investigation of Linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utterances in a given language.,9,Example:,When I was a kid, and re

8、ading every science fiction book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I dont mean what the future would be like-science fiction already told me that-but rather how wed actually get there. Science fiction books seemed to agree, for example, that in the f

9、uture there would be no money-all transactions would be made via identity cards and centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in the first place?,10,Note:,kid (colloquial) child (common) transaction (a little formal) busine

10、ss/trade (common) dubious (a little formal) doubtful/unlikely (common),11,Slang Words,Slang refers to novel and colorful expressions that reflect a certain groups special experiences and set the group off from others Slang is used by almost all groups of people, from musicians and computer scientist

11、s to vegetarians and golfers, or uneducated speaker. Slang displays endless inventiveness. It may be vivid and interesting, but is imprecise for effective writing, and is generally inappropriate for college or business writing.,12,Example:,Ill attend to that myself in th mornin. Ill take keer oim. H

12、e aint from this country no how. Ill go down there in th mornin and seeim. Lettin you leave your books and walk all over th hills. What kind of a school is it nohow! Didnt do that, my son, when Is a little shaver in school.,13,Note:,th mornin: the morning take keer oim: take care of him seeim: see h

13、im Lettin: Let nohow: anyhow Is: I was a little shaver: a little boy,14,Official 官方 The consumption of nutriments is prohibited. Formal You are required not to consume food in this establishment. Neutral Eating is not allowed here. Informal Please dont eat here. Colloquial You cant feed your face he

14、re. Slang Lay off the nosh 小吃. Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh.,15,How to make a good diction?,By: 1 Based on the speech of the word 2 Based on the context and the logical relations 3 Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term Collocation Extension and association,选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手： 1. 根据词在句中

15、的词类来选择和确定词义 Based on the speech of the word To choose the exact word, you must be clear about the the speech of the word， denotation and connotation of a word, the differences between general and specific words, abstract and concrete words, and have a good mastery of English idioms. Like charges rep

16、el; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。 Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词）,Diction 词义的选择 En-Ch,Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 Its my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it. 我有优先

17、通行权。运货汽车 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。,. Diction 词义的选择,2. 根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义 Based on the context and the logical relations He is the last man to come. 他是不会来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。,. Diction 词义的选择,He is the last person

18、for such a job. 他最不适合干这个工作。 He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,炉子着得很旺。 The fire is burning briskly in the stove. 她着凉了。 She has caught cold. 上不着天，下不着地。 Be suspended in mid air. 你猜着了。 Youve guessed right. 老李躺下就着了。 Lao L

19、i fell asleep as soon as he lay down. 他走错了一着。 He has made a false move.(or:taken a wrong step) 这些孩子穿着整齐。 These children are all neatly dressed.,We passed another town before daylight. 我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。 I used to pass the whole evening that way. 以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。 Now the moment has passed. 现在已经错过机会了。,If I

20、kept on reading that feeling would pass. 如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。 That vessel will soon be passing us. 那只船就要和我们相遇了。 We know what was passing in his mind. 我们知道他心理在想什么。,It was a good dinner. He proved to be a good listener. Tom must be a good football player. I cant find good words for it. It was a good mo

21、rning; there were high white clouds above the mountain. The cheques are all good, of course. Each time he gave the bartender a good tip. I do not speak without good evidence. It was a good paper.,It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。 He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听别人说话。 Tom must be a good footb

22、all player. 汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。 I cant find good words for it. 我找不到合适的语言来表达。 It was a good morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain. 这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。 The cheques are all good, of course. 当然，这些支票是完全有效的。,Each time he gave the bartender a good tip. 每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。 I do not speak without g

23、ood evidence. 我不会说没有可靠根据的话。 It was a good paper. 这是一家声誉很高的报纸。,excercise,The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无

24、量。,“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.” 合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。 Jonathan Swift,They incited him to go into further investigation 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。 The evil plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. xiee阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。,3词义与感情色彩,4 Collocation,任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一

25、些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。 examples,Examples (1),That beat me. 真把我难住了。 We can beat him. 我们可以打败他。 He was cursing to beat the band. 他骂了个痛快淋漓。 显眼,出众,猛烈地,非常,Examples (2),These constant changes in the weather beat me. 这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。 He can beat me in mathmatics. 他的数学比我高明千万倍。 It beats me how he d

26、id it. 我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。,Examples (3),The long tramp beats me. 长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。 I beat the truth out of him. 我从他那里探出了真实情况。 They beat their swords into plowshares. 他们化剑为犁。 The sun continued to beat on them. 太阳还是热得炙人。,Others,此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。 examples,He traveled to many

27、 places in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and in time built up a huge storage of information between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull. 他走访了很多地方去寻找头型特殊的人，最终积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。 I know you think I am talking nonsense, but in time you will realize tha

28、t was right. 我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。,We have been working all day. We must have a break. 我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。 Suddenly the line引爆线went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.” 引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”,so

29、ft music soft wood soft hat soft answer soft heart soft fire soft words soft drink soft light soft cushion soft breeze,轻柔的音乐 软木 呢帽 委婉的回答 易感动的心 文火 和蔼的话 不含酒精的饮料 柔和的灯光 软靠垫 和风,词义的选择,light music light loss light step light heart light car light outfit light work light manner light voice,轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻快的脚步 轻

30、松的心情 轻便的轿车 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻浮的举止 轻柔的声音,词义的选择,将词义作抽象化的引伸 1）、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺

31、）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。,5. 词义的引申,2）、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops goose-stepped into power in Furt in 1930. Bavarian巴伐利亚 storm troops冲锋队员 Furt 菲尔特镇,2）、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 事实上，在整个二

32、十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。 To goosestep 是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里goose-stepped into根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。,2）、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息

33、时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。,将词义作具体化的引伸 1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。 Vietnam war was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第

34、三次了。,. 词义的引申,It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends. 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。 She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher. 她是一个虔诚的基督徒，一个慈爱的母亲，一个贤良的妻子，一个孝顺的女儿，一个合格的

35、教师。,Practice:,老战士 老领导 老师傅 老黄牛(比喻勤勤恳恳做事而又不计名利的人 ) 老芹菜 老皇历 老生常谈,a veteran a senior leader a master craftsman a willing ox (diligent and conscientious person) overgrown celery last year calendar commonplace,Diction 词义的选择 Ch-En,申请书 报告书 协议书 成绩通知书 (使用)说明书 成交确认书 电视机使用说明书 白皮书 家书,Letter of Application Report Agreement Grade Report Directions Sales Confirmation Television Operation Guide White Book a Letter from Home,密码 口水 救火 洗牌 大片 早恋 青春痘 方便面 隐形眼镜 流动资金 买一赠一,*Secret code *Mouth water *To save a fire *To wash th