lesson3_language study.ppt

1、Part Four,Language Study,ENTER,I. Word Study II. Phrases and Expressions III. Word Building IV. GrammarTransitional Expressions,Language Study,Contents,Word Study,Word list:,1. assumption 2. contemplate 3. contend 4. crude 5. eliminate,11. resolve 12. restricted 13. self-evident 14. subtlety 15. val

2、idity,6. elusive 7. emerge 8. immerse 9. presumably 10. quest,Word Study,1. assumption,Examples: When historians and anthropologists first began to investigate the issue of pre-patriarchal cultures they made two assumptions. While the criticisms vary, the underlying assumption is that overall econom

3、ic growth has been speeding up.,a. assumable v. assume,Word formations,n. something that you think is true although you have no definite proof,Word Study,2. contemplate,v. a. to have in view as a purpose, intention Examples: Have you ever contemplated committing suicide? Secondly, we shall need to c

4、ontemplate the various options available for disposing of the companys properties.,consider think about/of toy with the idea of,Word formations,Examples: She stood contemplating her figure in the mirror. He contemplated her with a faint smile.,b. to look at (with the eyes, or in the mind),Word Study

5、,contemplative n. contemplation,Word formations,Word Study,3. contend,v. a. to struggle, to be in rivalry b. to argue, to assert,Examples: I know the charms of my rival are too powerful for me to contend with. Three armed groups are contending for power. Some astronomers contend that the universe ma

6、y be younger than previously thought.,Word Study,Classify the following words into 3 groups according to a, b and c., crude schemes crude ore a crude shelter crude remarks crude manners crude ideas crude oil/sugar,a,a,c,c,a,b,b,a.,4. crude,a. not finished properly; badly worked out b. (of materials)

7、 in a natural state, not refined or manufactured c. not having grace, taste or refinement,Word Study,v. a. to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted b. to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it c. to kill someone in order to prevent

8、them from causing trouble,5. eliminate,get rid of abolish scrap do away with eradicate root out,Examples: The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques. Our team was eliminated in the first round. The dictator eliminated anyone who might be a threat to him.,Word Study,Examples: She managed

9、 to get an interview with that elusive man. She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but wider international success has been elusive. For me, the poem has an elusive quality.,6. elusive,ad. elusively n. elusiveness v. elude,Word formations,a. a. (of a person) difficult to find or see b. (of res

10、ult) difficult to achieve c. (of idea or quality) difficult to describe or understand,Word formations,Word Study,v. a. to appear or come out from somewhere b. (of facts, ideas) to appear;to become known c. to come out of a difficult experience,7. emerge,n. emergence a. emergent,Examples: The moon em

11、erged from behind the clouds. New evidence has emerged to contradict earlier claims. Local government has recently emerged as a major issue. She emerged from the divorce a stronger person.,Word Study,8. immerse,v. a. to put sth. under the surface of a liquid b. to involve oneself deeply (in sth.),Ex

12、amples: He immersed the knife in boiling water. Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes. I walked into the study and found Mr. Johnson immersed in his writing, as usual. When Alfred inherited his fathers estate, he immersed himself in pleasure.,Synonyms,be engrossed in be wrapped up in be absorb

13、ed in preoccupied,Word Study,9. presumably,adv. used to say that you think something is probably true,a. presumable n. presumption v. presume,Examples: Presumably theres a good reason for her absence, as she doesnt usually stay away from work. Few women, presumably, would want to return to the assum

14、ptions on which the old system was based.,Word formations,Word Study,10. quest,n. a long search for something that is difficult to find,Examples: At their roots, both quests originated out of human inquisitiveness. World leaders are now united in their quest for peace. Foreign powers had long penetr

15、ated the area in quest of wealth or influence, or to counter the lusts of their adversaries.,Word Study,11. resolve,v. a. to solve or settle a problem or difficulty b. to make a definite decision to do sth.,Examples: Congressmen called for a third meeting to resolve the conflict. I resolved to keep

16、quiet about what I had heard, since it would only cause trouble. She resolved that if he couldnt find the necessary courage, she would.,n. resolve,Word formations,Word Study,12. restricted,a. a. small or limited in size, area, or amount,Examples: Its difficult trying to work in such a restricted spa

17、ce. The sale of alcohol is restricted to people over the age of 18. There is restricted access to this information (=only certain people can have it).,v. restrict n. restriction a. restrictive,Word formations,b. limited or controlled, especially by laws or rules,Word Study,13. self-evident,Examples:

18、 The facts in this case are self-evident and cannot be denied. Even the principle of democracy, which seems self-evident in the West is challenged elsewhere. It is self-evident that childhood experiences influence our adult behaviour.,a. clearly true and needing no more proof,Synonyms,Word Study,14.

19、 subtlety,n. a. the quality that sth. has when it has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details b. a thought, an idea, or a detail that is important but difficult to notice or understand,Examples: She argued her case with considerable subtlety. Some of the subtlet

20、ies of the language are lost in translation. To appreciate all of this beauty relies upon your noticing its subtleties.,Word formations,a. subtle ad. subtly,Word Study,Examples: I would question the validity of that statement. Lawyers are questioning the validity of the citys new telecom contract. Y

21、ou dont know enough about the subject to question the validity of my statements.,15. validity,Word formations,a. valid an. invalid v. validate,n. state or condition of being valid,The end of Word Study.,List:,1. at (the) best 2. be relevant to 3. be destined to 4. cannot help but do 5. concern onese

22、lf with 6. from a perspective,7. in the event of 8. read of 9. piece together 10. stem from 11. take into account 12. to sb.s disadvantage 13. by way of,Phrases and Expressions,taking the most hopeful view Examples: Your mother, as the physician has informed you, is in a most critical condition; at

23、(the) best she cannot be with us longer than a few weeks. The city was at (the) best an ordinary sort of place. His answers were at best evasive, at worst very misleading.,1. at (the) best,cf. at its/his best,Phrases and Expressions,持最乐观的看法；充其量,To be continued on the next page,Word Study,at its/his/

24、their best in the best condition,The garden is at its best in April. He was at his best yesterday evening and kept us all amused. Every year, when the peach blossoms are at their best, a festival is held at the Beijing Botanical Garden.,处于最佳状态；处于巅峰状态；在全盛期中,be relating to, be connected with Examples:

25、 What experience do you have that is relevant to this position? Kids have to understand how school is relevant to their lives. These issues are directly relevant to the needs of slow learners.,2. be relevant to,Phrases and Expressions,Examples: We were destined never to meet again. She was not desti

26、ned to be a great painter but she had the confidence and luck to be a successful one. At first their predictions seemed destined to come true.,3. be destined to,Phrases and Expressions,Similar expressions,be assured of cant go wrong its in the bag its a safe bet its a sure thing,seeming certain to h

27、appen at some time in the future,Phrases and Expressions,4. cannot help but do,Examples: Lee could not help but agree with her. I couldnt help but notice the bruise she had under her eye.,Similar expression,cant help doing cannot but do,used to say that someone is unable to change their behaviour or

28、 feelings, or to prevent themselves from doing something,to become involved in sth. because you are interested in it or because it worries you,5. concern oneself with,Phrases and Expressions,Examples: He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires. For several weeks I did not co

29、ncern myself with any thought of the future. Our countrys leaders must concern themselves with environmental protection.,looking at sth. from a certain angle Examples: The novel is written from a childs perspective. We have to look at everything from an international perspective. If you look at thin

30、gs from a feminist perspective they are, in fact, not equal. from a feminist/Christian/global perspective,6. from a perspective,Phrases and Expressions,Examples: It offers vital financial cover in the event of you being permanently disabled in an accident. The countries involved have pledged to offe

31、r mutual assistance in the event of a spill.,7. in the event of,Ways of saying “if”,Phrases and Expressions,should had in case in case of in the event of,used to tell people what they should do if something happens,Example: I was shocked when I read of his death.,8. read of,Phrases and Expressions,“

32、read” phrases,读到，阅悉,to find out information from books, newspapers etc,To be continued on the next page.,Phrases and Expressions,cf. read as read off read out read sb. a lesson/lecture read through/over read up read sb.s mind/thoughts read between the lines,cf. 把错误地当作 宣读，很快地读出；读完 宣布开除； 朗诵；宣读 训斥某人 从头

33、到尾细读一遍 攻读；熟读 看出某人的心思 体会字里行间的言外之意,Examples: Police are trying to piece together his movements before the murder. Her early life has been pieced together from several different sources.,9. piece together,Phrases and Expressions,to use all the information you have about a situation in order to discover

34、 the truth about it,to develop as a result of something else,10. stem from,Phrases and Expressions,Similar expressions,arise from result from be/as a result of be the product of come (out) of consequent,Examples: His headaches stemmed from vision problems. It also tries to say that womens problems s

35、tem from either their sexuality or the family. Much of the friction stemmed from a debate about which technology to use.,Examples: These figures do not take into account the changes in the rate of inflation. A valuation of a smaller company must take account of its potential as a takeover target.,11

36、. take into account/take account of sth.,Phrases and Expressions,“account” phrases,take into consideration,To be continued on the next page.,Phrases and Expressions,cf. open an account settle ones account give an account of account for on ones account on this/that account on no account take no accou

37、nt of,cf. 开户头 结清欠帐，（喻）报复 描述，叙述 解释；说明；占百分比 为一己的目的和利益 为了这个/那个缘故 决不；切莫 对某事物不予考虑,Example: Her height will be very much to her disadvantage if she wants to be a dancer.,12. to sb.s disadvantage,Phrases and Expressions,“disadvantage” phrases,giving someone a disadvantage,To be continued on the next page.,

38、Phrases and Expressions,be at a disadvantage be taken at a disadvantage to the disadvantage of put/keep at a disadvantage to sb.s disadvantage,a. through, by route of, via b. as a means of; as a type of; serving as,13. by way of,Phrases and Expressions,Examples: You can get this information by way o

39、f the Internet. He sent her some flowers by way of an apology. They decided to give a party by way of welcome to the distinguished guests.,The end of Phrases an Expressions.,Word Building,List:,Prefixpro- Suffix-proof Suffix-able/-ible,Word Building,pro-British,prefix,pro-: supporting or approving o

40、f sth.,pro-British pro-America pro-Chinese pro-abortion pro-western pro-independence pro-revolutionary,亲英（派） 亲美（派） 亲华（派） 赞成/支持堕胎 支持西方的 赞成独立 支持革命的人,-proof: protecting against,foolproof,suffix,Word Building,foolproof waterproof bulletproof burglarproof soundproof childproof container tamperproof flame

41、proof idiot-proof,不会有差错或误解的 防水的 防弹的 防盗的 隔音的 防孩子摔坏的容器 （机械装置等）可防止乱摆弄的 耐火性 简单易懂的，容易操作的，可靠的,a. a. (n.+able) showing the qualities of b. (v.+able) that can be, fit to be Examples: fashionable (= showing the qualities of fashion) eatable (= that can be eaten, fit to be eaten),Suffix -able/-ible,More examp

42、les,Word Building,To be continued on the next page.,regret respect response sense conduct enjoy read imagine think resist corrupt,Suffix -able/-ible,Word building,Give corresponding adjective form of each word.,regrettable respectable responsible sensible conductible enjoyable readable imaginable th

43、inkable resistible corruptible,The end of Word Building.,GrammarTransitional Expressions,Function: Transitional words and phrases show the relationship of one sentence or clause to another and tie together ideas before the reader has a chance to forget them, thus to achieve coherence in writing.,To

44、be continued on the next page.,Therefore they often become confused upon discovering that historians often disagree sharply even when they are dealing with the same event. (Para. 1),E,transitional word: to show result,GrammarTransitional Expressions,1. Words That Signal Addition,To be continued on t

45、he next page.,Here is a list of commonly used transitional expressions.,GrammarTransitional Expressions,2. Words That Signal Time,To be continued on the next page.,GrammarTransitional Expressions,3. Words That Signal Comparison/Contrast,To be continued on the next page.,Grammar-Transitional Expressions,4. Words That Signal Example,To be continued on the next page.,GrammarTransitional Expressions,5. Words That Signal