07周俭-乡村遗产与乡村旅游.ppt

1、乡村遗产与乡村旅游Rural Heritage and Rural Tourism,周俭 联合国教科文组织亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心（上海） 同济大学 2014. 11 Zhou Jian, WHITR-AP under the auspices of UNESCO Tongji University,乡村遗产 Rural Heritage 1、乡村遗产是乡村发展的资源 To turn heritage into a resource for rural development 乡村遗产作为一种文化景观，具有独特的经济和美学价值，应该纳入乡村发展的资源体系中，从而实现可持续的经济和社区双重

2、发展的目标。 Rural heritage, as a cultural landscape, has unique tourism values. The heritage attributes of the rural heritage should be well retained, so as to achieve the dual objectives of sustainable development of both tourism and community.,乡村发展 Rural Development 2、乡村发展的3重含义 Three implications in ru

3、ral development 村民收入提高； To increase income of the villagers 村民就业能力与适应能力提高； To improve employment ability and adaptive capacity among the villagers 村寨（落）自身价值提高。 To enhance values of the villages,乡村旅游 Rural tourism 3、 乡村遗产旅游是乡村发展的路径之一 Rural heritage tourism is one path to rural development. 旅游村落（景区）是功

4、能定义，极易演变为物质性和功能性的建设活动和政策导向； The functional definition of tourism villages tends to direct material and functional-based activities of construction and policy orientation. 将乡村遗产旅游的概念从旅游社区（景区）转变为社区旅游; From Tourism community to community tourism 社区旅游关注于村民本身，关注于创造文化景观遗产的人及其社会结构。 Community tourism shows

5、concern for the villagers and the human being, as the creator of the cultural landscape, and for their social structure.,1 挑战-乡村遗产旅游发展的反思,Challenge-Merits and Demerits in the Development of Rural Heritage Tourism,旅游社区状况分析/situation analysis：,Impacts of tourism on your life,Income increase,New jobs,D

6、isturbance in life,Disruption of serenity,村民收入突增 Dramatic income increase 社区会分化吗？ Division of society? 村寨农业生产性机制会被损坏吗？ Damage to the traditional agricultural production of the villages? 田园景观会消失吗？ Disappearance of farmland landscapes?,景区打造 constructing tourist attractions,村民与外来人员经商 business and trade

7、 involving local villagers and migrants,商业化的旅游 commercialized tourism,旅游社区潜在风险： Hidden threats,小黄村的现代砖房,堂安村民居被随意改造,堂安民居改扩建原因统计,村民改建、新建住房,村落变化的挑战：,自上而下 村民被动“受益” 村民等、靠、要,上堡村的风貌保护工程,“贵州省世界银行贷款文化与自然遗产保护和发展项目”的民居修缮子项目地方长期自上而下工作方式造成项目推进困难重重,外包给旅游开发公司经营，堂安原生态博物馆关闭,发展村落旅游的政策结果：,2 乡村遗产旅游与乡村遗产保护,Reflection on

8、 Rural Heritage Tourism and Rural Heritage Conservation,游客 Tourists,宗教机构 Religious institutes,国际管理部门 International mandates,地区、地方政府 管理者 Regional/local authorities,当地社区 Local community,旅游开发经营者 Tourism development and operations,专家队伍 Expert team,利益相关者 Stakeholders,一、关注乡村旅游的利益相关者/Stakeholders of Touris

9、m,各方路径的选择 Stakeholder path options,社区的路径选择 Community options,1、通过参与旅游服务提升自身能力 To improve capacity through participation in tourist services,2、接受知识教育和技能培训 To accept education and skill trainings,1、制定可持续的社区发展支持政策 To develop sustainable supporting policies for community development,政府的路径选择 Government o

10、ptions,2、建立社区参与平台 To build platforms for community involvement,3、守护社区的文化资源 To safeguard cultural resources of the community,3、开展社区能力建设 To carry out capacity building for communities,利用相关方的协作 Coordination among stakeholders,1）“社区旅游”发展路径 “community tourism development road,旅游企业的路径选择 Options by tourism

11、 companies,1、收益合理地反哺村寨 To properly finance villages through benefits,2、保障与村寨合约的公正和公开 To ensure that contracts are fair and open,1、扶助社区的能力建设 To facilitate community capacity building,第三方力量的导入 Introduction of third party forces,2、在社区和政府之间建立沟通合作平台 To bridge community and government,3、为社区的能力建设提供服务 To se

12、rve capacity building of communities,3、为社区提供咨询服务 To provide consultation service for communities,各方路径的选择 Stakeholder path options,Mechanisms outlined in the “Community Operational Guidelines” for the World Bank Guizhou Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection and Development Project,Structure of vil

13、lage community,consultant,Supervision team of villagers,Management team for community projects,Civil organization: tourism association, private contractors, group for tangible heritage conservation and transmission, etc.,Community coordinator,Village committee,project office in the county,村民利益的保障 me

14、chanism to safeguard interests of villagers,2）可持续的机制设计 sustainable mechanism,机制设计中的问题： Problems of mechanism: 没有与村寨原有社会内生机制融合，为项目建立的组织无法起到机制设计的作用，村民参与积极性和参与程度不高； There is no integration with the inherent social mechanism originated in villages; The institutes/organizations set up for the programme a

15、re unable to play a part in mechanism designing; There is less enthusiasm and low participation among villagers; 村民没有契约的法律概念，对协议中约定自己的义务不履行； Villagers, who lack understanding of contractual implications, refuse to fulfill their obligations stated in the agreements, while only caring about their priv

16、ate benefits; 虽然有公示机制，但没有接到过任何投诉； The publicity and notification system fails to function, and has never received any complaints or reports.,二、与村民一起传承他们的建筑文化 Continuing local cultural landscape of traditional building,贵州地扪：村民在自家承包地中建造住房,1）村落扩展与民居布局 New housing site selection,如何满足村民的建房需求？,贵州地扪：与村民共同选

17、定的建房布局 New housing site selection with villagers,“新居定点”规划 选址尊重村民风俗习惯 选址保证文化景观保护要求 问题：土地权属置换与性质变更存在瓶颈,2、 建筑传承,新民居：受外部文化和经济性的影响 防火、防潮、坚固 建造的经济性 对“美观”看法的变化,2）建筑传承 Traditional building inheritance,传统民居改善： 防火、防潮、坚固 材料与形式 功能性,新建筑案例贵州文物局“乡村生态博物馆”建造 Case of New building,3）示范与协商 Demonstration & negotiation,与

18、业主协商后的修缮结果 Repair and rehabilitation with owners,村民参与管理 提高村民能力 To involve villagers in management And to improve their capacity,三、社区能力建设与“乡村精英”,村落文化景观保护与发展机制探索,村落机制案例地扪侗寨人文生态博物馆,记录村寨变化 收集研究档案 To record village transformation And to collect research data and archives,培训村民技能 To provide skill trainings,利用乡土原料开发产品,小规模客栈 个性化体验 Small inns Customized experience,3 结论/Conclusions,1） 乡村社区是构成乡村文化景观的重要组成部分； 2）乡村遗产旅游必须与乡村社区能力建设的目标相结合, 3）社区参与是达成目标的重要途径。 Rural heritage，as a type of cultural landscape, serves as a unique resource to develop rural touri