13宋代科技成就的代表之作--《营造法式》.ppt

1、,宋代科技成就的代表之作 营造法式 刘克明,THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ART AND MATHEMATICS IN “YING ZAO FA SHI”,LIU keming Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074 Wuhan Hubei, P.R, China,Abstract,The paper discusses Li Jie and his famous work “Ying Zao Fa Shi” in a broad historical context. It also studies t

2、he main contents of “Ying Zao Fa Shi”, especially for the achievement of art and mathematics. In the end we will comment the historical value of “Ying Zao Fa Shi”. Key Words: Ying Zao Fa Shi mathematics art,Introduction,“Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 is an official scientific monograph on architecture and c

3、onstruction in Sung Dynasty. It is somewhat like construction manual nowadays. It is one of the most perfect monographs on construction technology among the Chinese classical literature, and an important reference as well for research on Chinese architecture and criterion of Sung Dynasty.,Li Jie and

4、 his “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,The editor, Li Jie李誡 ( ?1110, AD), is from Guancheng county, Zhenzhou city. Li Jie started to compile “Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 under the order of the Emperor in late 1097, and finished in 1100. While most of Li Jies books had been lost but this “Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 which posse

5、sses a very important position in the heritage of Chinese culture fortunately and becomes a most important scientific reference on research of Chinese traditional architecture.,In the history of China, each dynasty set a certain position of construction officer to take charge of construction. “Ying

6、Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 was compiled under the order of emperor. During hundreds years after Sung dynasty founded, accompanied with the development of social productivity and economy, and accumulation of scientific knowledge, the construction scale became larger and larger, thus it demanded urgently to mak

7、e an official standard and criterion on construction.,The purpose to emend the “Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 , is because that the original one had no standards on timbering, this was not good for preventing corruption. Among the total 34 volumes, there were 13 volumes focused on the dosage standard, so we

8、 can see that the “Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 paid more attention on the aspect of economy.,Fig. 1, the title of “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig. 2, the introduction for the author-Li Jier,The main content and the achievement of art and mathematics in “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Li Jie wrote in the introduction of Treatise

9、on Architectural Methods, namely “Ying Zhao Fa Shi”: “Ju-zhe 舉折 system means to regard one chi尺 as one zhang丈, one cun寸 as one chi尺, one li 厘 as one fen分 and compare it with the real construction site .In this way, the position of the room beams and mortises can be clearly observed.”,Market system i

10、n ancient China convert to metric system are : 1fen 分=0.33333cm , 1cun 寸=3.3333cm, 1chi 尺=0.3333m, 1zhang 丈=3.3333m,Fig. 3, “Ying Zao Fa Shi” recorded a method of using mathematics in architectural drawing.,Fig4., The record on the diameter and circumstance in the introduction of Ying Zao Fa Shi. D=

11、7xC/22 C=22xD/7, 22/7=3.14285 In which D is diameter and C is circumstance.,Fig5., The record on thegeometrical con struction and drawing toolsthe gui which corresponds to a compass, and ju which corresponds a framing square with right angles, in the introduction of Ying Zao Fa Shi.,Fig6., Working d

12、rawing in “Ying Zao Fa Shi ”-1,Fig7., Working drawing in “Ying Zao Fa Shi ”-2,Fig8., Working drawing in “Ying Zao Fa Shi ”-3,Fig9. , Working drawing in the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig10. , Working drawing in the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig11. , Working drawing in the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig12. , Working drawing i

13、n the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig13.,The illustration of square in a circle and a circle in a square in the 29th Chapter of Ying Zao Fa Shi .,Fig14.,The illustration of the rule for examining horizon in the 29th Chapter of Ying Zao Fa Shi.,IV. “Ying Zao Fa Shi” and its historical value,“Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營

14、造法式 was printed and published, according to the Emperors mandate, in small characters and as engraved edition in the 2nd year of Chongning period (A.D. 1103). “Ying Zao Fa Shi” 營造法式 was a wooden buildings experiential summarization of 2000 years before the Sung Dynasty in China. It was the specific

15、embodiment of the productive force development of the Sung Dynasty and the pursuit for reformation.,Fig15. , Working drawing in the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,Fig15. , Working drawing in the “Ying Zao Fa Shi”,English scientific historiographer Dr. Joseph Needham (1900-1995) appraised it: “This is why the “Yi

16、ng Zao Fa Shi” of is such a landmark .The excellence of its constructional drawings raises an issue of some importance. Nothing so far mentioned in this discussion constitutes (or could have constituted) what we would now call working drawings. “But the shapes of the component of the frameworks are

17、so at last almost speak of working drawings in a modern sense - perhaps for the first time in any civilization.,“What remains from the Hellenistic world is so distorted as to need much interpretation, and the machine drawing of the Arabs is notoriously obscure. “The builders of the medieval European

18、 cathedrals were better draftsmen, and the +5th century Germans, even Leonardo himself, produced little that was clearer than sketches, brilliant though these sometimes were.,“If then there was no Western parallel to the “Ying Zao Fa Shi” we must face the fact that Euclidean geometry (which Europe had the Chinese did not), vital though it must have been for the development of Renaissance optical perspective and fundamental too for the rise of modern experimental science, had no power