试谈美国环境法的管理与执行.ppt

1、1,U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and Enforcement,美国环境法：管理和执行,2,U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and Enforcement,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States Environmental Decision Stakeholders The Realities of Environmental Law in the United States,美国环境法：管理与执行 美国法律的层次 环境决策的利益人 美国环境法的现实情况,Hie

2、rarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels: U.S. Federal Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次： 美国联邦政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Govern

3、ment Municipal/County Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府 市/县级政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Government Municipal/County Government Town/Village - “Local” Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府 市/县级政府 村镇级“地方”政府,7,Hierarchy of U.S. Governments美国政府的层次

4、,8,Federal Government,Government of Constitutionally Limited Authority Regulates Interstate Commerce, Conducts Foreign Relations,联邦政府 在立法上具有有限权力的政府 管制州际间的商业，发展对外关系,9,10,State Governments,States are the “sovereigns” of the United States “Police Power” gives authority over peoples health, welfare, saf

5、ety and morals Some delegated authority from federal government,州政府 各州是美国的“主权实体” “警察权”赋予其在人民健康、福利、安全和道德 方面的权力 一些由联邦政府委派的权力,11,Municipalities and Counties,Only authority is that which is delegated by the state Tends to involve local land use issues such as zoning, some issues relating to water supply

6、 and sewage disposal, sanitary landfills, etc.,市级和县级政府 唯一具有由州政府委派的权力 有趋势参与解决如分区管制等当地土地利用问题，以及和水供应、污水处理、清洁垃圾等有关的问题,12,Towns and Villages,Similar to Municipal and County authority: related primarily to local land use issues Town and village zoning codes can be complicated Good example of local governm

7、ent at its best and at its worst,村镇级政府的权力 同市县级政府权力相似：主要处理与当地土地 利用相关的问题 村镇分区管制法案很复杂 当地政府好坏的典型例子,Environmental Decision Stakeholders,Environmental Agencies Non-Governmental Organizations Industries and Businesses The Judiciary The Media Ordinary Citizens,环境决策的利益人 环境机构 非政府组织 工商业 法院 媒体 普通居民,14,Environme

8、ntal Agencies,Federal: EPA, Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife, others State: Department of Environmental Protection Municipal, County, Town, Village: Zoning Board, etc.,环境机构 联邦机构：环保局、林业服务局、土地管理局、国家公园服务部、渔类和野生动物管理署和其他 州级机构：环境保护部 市、县、村镇级机构：规划委员会等,15,No

9、n-Governmental Organizations,World Wildlife Fund, Environmental Defense, World Resources Institute, Nature Conservancy Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club Lake Champlain Association, Adirondack Council Friends of Walden Pond, Loon Lake Homeowners,非政府组织 世界野生动物基金组织、美国环境保护协会、 世界资源学会和美国自然保护协会

10、 自然资源监护委员会、山岳会 琛彼安湖协会、爱德伦得克委员会 瓦尔登湖之友、潜鸟湖屋主协会,16,Industries and Business,General Electric, General Motors National Association of Manufacturers Consumer Associations,工商业 通用电器（）和通用汽车（） 国家制造协会 消费者协会,17,Judiciary,Federal court system reviews federal issues State court systems review state issues Munici

11、pal, county, town and village court systems review issues arising under their laws,法院 联邦法院体系审核联邦级事务 州级法院体系审核州级事务 市、县、村镇级法院体系审核它们法律下的事务,18,The Media,Newspapers write stories and editorials TV and radio cover breaking developments Increasingly environmental information can be found on the internet,媒体

12、报纸刊登报道和社论 电视和广播报道突破性的发展 可以在互联网上找到越来越多的环境信息,19,Ordinary Citizens,Access under “freedom of information” laws to information at all levels of government Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment procedures at all levels of government Right to bring “citizen lawsuits” to challenge constitutionali

13、ty of laws, or agencys enforcement and administration of environmental law,普通公民 “信息自由”法使其有权获得各级政府的信息 参与各级政府环境影响评估过程 有权向法治或环境机构的执行情况及环境法管理提出“公民诉讼”,The Realities of Environmental Law in the United States,Complex relationships among stakeholders Doctrine of judicial review means courts decide Politics,

14、 Campaign Contributions, Foreign Oil,美国环境法的现实情况 利益人之间复杂的关系 司法审核原则意味着法院判决 政治，资助竞选活动，外国石油,21,Complex relationships,Businessmen are also homeowners and parents Public officials are also stockholders in businesses Some judges are elected, others appointed NGO members are also employees of businesses,复杂的

15、关系 企业人士同时也是私房屋主和家长 公共官员同时也在企业方面占有利益 一些法官是竞选出来的，一些则是委任的 非政府组织成员又担当着企业的雇员,22,Judicial Review - Courts Decide,Citizen lawsuits are common in US Courts can declare agency actions illegal Courts can compel agencies to act Courts can declare laws invalid,司法审核法院判决 公民诉讼在美国很普遍 法院可以宣布环境机构的行为不合法 法院可以迫使环境机构采取行动 法院可以宣布法律无效,23,Politics, Contributions and Oil,Parties and Environmental Laws Enron Contributes $1 Million and Helps Draft Energy Policy Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,政治，资助和石油 党派和环境法 安然公司资助了