lecture 3 Phonetics.ppt

1、第3讲 Lecture 3,授课题目 : Phonetics,教学目标及基本要求,(1) Let students know what phonetics is and how the human speech sounds are produced by means of human speech organs. (2) Let students know the characteristics of English speech sounds . (3) Let us know how English speech sounds are classified and transcribed

2、.,教学重点 Teaching focus,(1)scope of phonetics (2)articulation of sounds (3) characteristics of English speech sounds (4)classification of English speech sounds (5) the transcription of sound,Revision exercises,What is language? Why is language systemic? Why is language arbitrary? What are the major di

3、fferences between human languages and animal communication systems?,What is phonetics and its scope,Phonetics is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds.,Human language displays a wide variety of sounds, but not all the sounds that humans are capab

4、le of producing occur in speech. The class of possible speech sounds is not only finite, but also universal. Any human is able to pronounce these sounds, regardless of racial or cultural background.,The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium

5、of language.,How many stages does the speech chain consist of? What activities are involved in the speech chain?,Generally, the study of phonetics is composed of three separate fields: articulatory phonetics: dealing with the identification and classification of individual sounds, the nature of spee

6、ch sounds and how they are produced,acoustic phonetics: focusing on the analysis and the measurement of sound waves,auditory phonetics: concerned with the reception of speech.,The human speech organs,The pharyngeal cavity: glottis; vocal cords; larynx（喉） The oral cavity: uvula; soft palate; the hard

7、 palate; teeth ridge; the teeth; the lips; the tongue The nasal cavity: the nose,Classification of English speech sounds,How many vowels are there in English and what are they? How many consonants are there in English and what are they? What is the main difference between vowels and consonants in ar

8、ticulation?,Classification of English speech sounds: Vowels (20): the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth. Consonants (28): the sounds are produced when the air-stream is somewhat obstructed.,Four perspectives to classify the

9、 English vowels:,a.According to which part of the tongue is held highest, there are front vowels; central vowels; and back vowels. b.According to the openness of the mouth, there are close vowels; semi-close vowels; semi-open vowels; and open vowels. C. According to the shape of the lips, there are

10、rounded vowels and un-rounded vowels. D. According to the length of the sound, there are long vowels and short vowels. In addition , there are monophthongs and diphthongs,Two perspectives to classify the consonants:,a.According to the manner of articulation , there are stops; fricatives; affricates;

11、 liquids; nasals; glides; b.According to the place of articulation, there are bilabial; labiodental; dental; alveolar; palatal ,velar; glottal,The classification of the English consonants: The English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation and also in terms of place of artic

12、ulation. In terms of manner of articulation , they can be classified in the following types: stops(塞音) fricatives(擦音);affricatives(塞擦音); liquids(流音); nasals(鼻音); glides(滑音) In terms of the place of the articulation,they can be classified as follows: bilabial(双唇音); labiodental （唇齿音）dental（齿音); alveol

13、ar(齿龈音); palatal(腭音); velar(软腭音); glottal (喉音),Stops:or plosive consonants:,When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: pbtdkg,fricatives,When the o

14、bstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.fvsz(p.53),affricates,When the obstruction ,complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction,the sounds thus produced are af

15、fricates.p.53,nasals,When the nasal passage is opened by lowering at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called nasals.,liquids,When the airflow is obstructed but is alooed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the

16、 roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called liquids l: lateral consonant:p53 r: approximant p53,glides,Semivowels: jw p53,Bilabial:双唇音the upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstruction: 4 Labiodental:唇齿音 the lower lip is brought into contract with the upper teeth to crea

17、te the obstruction.2 Dental:齿音the tip of the tongue is brought into contract with the upper teeth: 2,Alveolar:齿龈音the tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge 7 Palatal:腭音the obstruction is between the back of the tongue and the hard palate 5 Velar:软腭音the back of the tongu

18、e is brought into contact with velum or the soft palate. 3 Glottal:喉音the vocal cords are brought together to create the construction.1,Practize pronouncing the 24 consonants and try to describe the characteristics in articulation.,the transcription of sounds;,There are two kinds of transcription: na

19、rrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronun

20、ciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.,After class assignment:,1.Practice pronouncing all the English speech sounds after the tape and be able to describe how they are produced.,What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of

21、 the two, which one is primary and why? What is voicing and how is it caused? Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?,How are the English consonants classified? What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound description: 1) voiced palatal affricate 2) voiceless labio-dental fricative,3) front , close ,short 4) voiceless bilabial stop Give the phonetic features of all the 48 speech sounds in English.,Revision exercises on Phonetics,1.How do vowels differ from con