法律英语课件1.ppt

1、2020/9/1,法律英语,1,Lessonone,Legalsystem,2020/9/1,法律英语,2,相关阅读背景知识, 关于美国历史 与世界上许多文明古国相比，美国是一个年轻的国家。 1776年- 两百多年 然而就连续的政治法律制度而言，美国是一个古老的国家，因为其成文宪法和联邦制度的“年龄”在世界上是首屈一指。,2020/9/1,法律英语,3, 关于美国社会 美国是一个移民社会，而且是颇具“反叛性”的移民社会。社会的价值观具有强烈的个人价值观和自我保护意识，这些都主导着美国法律制度的发展方向和轨迹。 关于美国文化 多种文化的融合是美国社会的重要特征，也是美国法律制度的重要特征。主流文

2、化与非主流文化传统的影响发生作用，于是形成了一种特殊的法律制度。它与欧洲特别是英国的法律文化有着千丝万缕的联系，但是有不完全等同于欧洲乃至英国的法律制度。这就是“美国法律”。,2020/9/1,法律英语,4, 关于美国法律 美国属于普通法系国家。虽然制定法或成文法在当代美国的法律制度中占有重要地位，但是判例法或不成文法仍然是美国法律的基石。联邦法与州法并存；制订法与判例法并存。 关于普通法 所谓“普通法”，就是“普遍通用”的法律，或“共同适用”的法律。普通法不同于那些仅适用某个地区的习惯法，也不同于那些源于罗马法的教会法。从某种意义上讲，普通法是由国家意志统一了的地方习惯法。然而，普通法不是由

3、国王制定的，也不是一夜之间就令行天下的，它是通过王室法官的巡回审判活动逐渐形成的。,2020/9/1,法律英语,5,巡回法官在审判时遵循他们在王室法院中熟悉的那些法律规则。当然，他们在各地巡回审判过程中也会吸收地方习惯法中的一些合理因素。在他们的努力下，英国各地的习惯法也开始趋于统一。在一定意义上讲，习惯法是普通法之母，而普通法是统一了的习惯法。,2020/9/1,法律英语,6, 关于衡平法 普通法在发展过程中遇到了所有法律制度所面临的共同问题，即如何协调法律的稳定性与灵活性的问题。 1258牛津条例禁止法院就新的诉讼种类发布令状，这就使得一些人很正当的诉讼请求也会因为没有令状前例而得不到法院

4、的救济。为了弥补普通法的这一缺陷，一种新的不拘泥于令状制度的法律形式出现了，这就是衡平法。 其主要法律原则是：“公平且善良”。 作为普通法的补充救济手段，衡平法主要适用于合同纠纷。,2020/9/1,法律英语,7,The laws of each states are similar but not identical. 各州的法律相似但不相同。 I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it 我不同意你说的话，但是我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。,2020/9/1,法律英语,8,R

5、eference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts,2020/9/1,法律英语,9,itisstillrelevantforthedecisionofsuchquestions,Reference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,2020/9/1,法律英语,10,Background,Two peri

6、ods of legal history:,The Period of the English Colonies,The Period of the United States,On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony,The Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783),2020/9/1,法律英语,11,2020/9/1,法律英语,12,Map of USA,2020/

7、9/1,法律英语,13,Characteristics,Common law legal system 普通法系,Decentralization,Case law,Stare decisis遵从前例,2020/9/1,法律英语,14,TextPartOne,TheUnitedStatesisat once averynewnation averyoldnation,既年轻又古老的国家,2020/9/1,法律英语,15,itisconstantlybeingrenewedbytheadditionofnewelementsofpopulationandofnewStates 不断有新的人口成分

8、和新州的加入,Itisanewnation,Compared with many other countries与其他国家相比,2020/9/1,法律英语,16,Itis theoldestofthenewnations thefirstonetobemadeoutof anOldWorldcolony. 第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家 theoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfederalsystem theoldestpracticeofself-government,Itisold,2020/9/1,法律英语,17,The Dec

9、laration of Independence is at once the nations most cherished symbol of liberty and Jeffersons most enduing monument. It introduced a fundamental change in the view of government. Thomas Jefferson declared that governments were created to serve the people, and could only act with consent of the peo

10、ple.,2020/9/1,法律英语,18,The wholeofitshistorybelongsintheperiodsincetheinventionoftheprinting press. 美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。,2020/9/1,法律英语,19,foreventssuchas thosethatarelostinthelegendarypastofItalyorFranceorEngland arepartoftheprintedrecordoftheUnitedStates 那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。,Thewhole

11、ofitshistoryisrecorded,2020/9/1,法律英语,20,AndtheAmericanrecord,Comprehensive复杂,Immense繁多,2020/9/1,法律英语,21,Recordofthecolonialera 殖民时代的记载 Record oftheNationsince1776 国家从1776年开始的记载 Record ofthepresentfiftyStates 当前50个州的记载 Theintricatenetworkof relationshipsbetweenStatesand Nation各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载,2020/9/

12、1,法律英语,22,Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCourtfill350volumes ThereportsofsomeStatesarealmostequallyvoluminous.,联邦最高法院判例汇编,州法院判例汇编,2020/9/1,法律英语,23,ThereaderwhowantstotracethehistoryoflawinAmericaisconfrontedwithover5,000stoutvolumesoflegalcases. 想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。,2020/9/1,法律英语,24,Noo

13、nedocument,nohandfulofdocuments,canproperlybesaidtorevealthecharacterofa peopleoroftheirgovernment. 没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。,2020/9/1,法律英语,25,Whenhundredsandthousands ofdocumentsstrikeaconsistentnoteovermorethanahundredyears,wehavearighttosay thatisthekeynote. 当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就

14、是基调。,2020/9/1,法律英语,26,Representatives of the 4 legal systems,Romano-Germanic / civil / continental legal system: France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia, Holland (the Netherlands) 2. Common-law / Anglo-American legal system: England, Irelan

15、d, USA, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Canada (excluding Quebec), Burma, India Socialist legal system: China, Russia, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam 4. Islamic legal system: Middle East countries,2020/9/1,法律英语,27,Sources of law in each system,1. Romano-Germanic / civil / continen

16、tal legal system major source: legislation 2. common-law / Anglo-American legal system major source: judge-made law / case law 3. socialist legal system major source: legislation 4. Islamic legal system major sources: Koran, Sunna, judicial consensus, analogical reasoning subsidiary sources: custom,

17、 judges preference, requirements of public interest,2020/9/1,法律英语,28,2020/9/1,法律英语,29,The distinction of two legal systems,The basic distinction between the two systems lies in the sources of law upon which they rely. The common-law system uses prior decided cases as a very high sources of authority

18、. The doctrine of stare decisis ( let the decision stand) in one of its form is the essence of the common-law system. the doctrine states that the courts should adhere to the law that set forth in prior cases decided by the highest court of the govern jurisdiction as long as the principle derived fr

19、om those cases is logically essential to their decision, is reasonable, and is appropriate to contemporary circumstances. Different courts apply this general policy with varying degrees of strictness. English courts, for instance, are inclined to be more rigorous than American courts in its applicat

20、ion.,2020/9/1,法律英语,30,The civil law, on the other hand , is oriented toward a code of laws, when a controversary is presented to a court or a lawyer, the immediate problem is to find the appropriate code provision covering the situation and then to apply it to the problem at hand. The courts look to

21、 the writings of scholars to aid them in interpreting code provisions. Cases are not ignored, but they do not have any approaching binding authority on judges.,2020/9/1,法律英语,31,大陆法与普通法的根本区别在于其所依靠的法的渊源.普通法系以先前的判例为其很高的权力渊源,以其诸形式之一出现的STARE DECISIS即让判决继续有效学说,是普通法系的精粹,该说主张,法院应遵守在本法域最高一级法院判决的先例中所定下来的法律-但取

22、自先例原则以在逻辑上为判决各案件所必须且其合理合情并适宜于当代情况者为限，不同的法院适用这一总政策的严格程度不同，例如，在其适用上，英国法院比美国法院严格。,2020/9/1,法律英语,32,在另一方面大陆法系则以法典为中心。法院或律师遇到一项争端，其迫在眉捷的问题，是去查出与案情相关的适当法典条文，然后把条文适用于手头的问题。法院请教学者的著作，以便在解释法典条文时从那些著作中得到帮助。案例不是完全被忽视，但对法官却没有任何接近于拘束力的权威性。,2020/9/1,法律英语,33,TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologically

23、mainlyacase lawsystem. 判例法,PartTwo,2020/9/1,法律英语,34,Mostfieldsofprivatelawstill consistprimarilyofcaselawandtheextensiveandsteadilygrowingstatutorycontinuestobesubjecttobinding interpretationthroughcaselaw. 私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。,2020/9/1,法律英语,35,2020/9/1,法律英语,36,普通法

24、,衡平法,普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。,2020/9/1,法律英语,37,ThecommonlawishistoricallythecommongenerallawwithsupremacyoverlocallawwhichwasdecreedbytheitinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt.普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。,2020/9/1,法律英语,38,enforcement 强制

25、执行； claim 请求； action 诉讼行为； writ 法院令状； classical Roman law 古罗马法,2020/9/1,法律英语,39,The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of action similar to that of classical Roman law. 某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法

26、院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。,2020/9/1,法律英语,40,Ifawritexisted(in1227)aclaimcouldbeenforced; 有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行； therewasnorecourseforaclaimwithoutawrit,theclaimdidnot exist. 没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。,2020/9/1,法律英语,41,(1)as the document giving the plaintiff access to

27、the courts in exchange for the payment of a fee; (2)as a method of designating which court would decide the case; (3)as a tool for directing the sheriff ( the chief law-enforcement officer in a county: popularly elected, except in Rhode Island) to summon the defendant for the court appearance.,Writ:

28、a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer,2020/9/1,法律英语,42,ThissystembecameinflexiblewhentheProvisionsofOxford(1258) prohibitedthecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthewrituponthecaseallowedandwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentofcontractandtortlaw. 这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定

29、下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。,2020/9/1,法律英语,43,Thenarrowlimitsoftheformsofactionandthelimitedrecoursetheyprovidedledtothedevelopmentofequitylaw andequitycaselaw. 诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。,2020/9/1,法律英语,44,衡平法,由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是

30、衡平法。,2020/9/1,法律英语,45,“Equity”doingequity 公平行为公平 decidingexaequoetbono 决定公平且善良（拉丁语） wasfirstgrantedbytheKing,andlaterbyhisChancelloraskeeperoftheKingsconscience, to afford relief in hardship cases. 首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。,2020/9/1,法律英语,46,Inthefifteenthcentury,however,equitylawand

31、equitycaselaw developedintoanindependent legalsystemandjudiciary(Court ofchancery)whichcompetedwiththeordinarycommonlawcourts. 15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。,2020/9/1,法律英语,47,Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefixedand,toadegree,inflexibleasin anylegalsystem. 衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程

32、度的固定性。,equitylaw,2020/9/1,法律英语,48,reliefintheformofspecificperformance 特殊履行的救济方式 theinjunction 禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令） thedevelopmentofsocalled maximsofequitylaw 形成所谓的衡平法座右铭,Specialcharacteristicsofequitylaw：,the performance of a legal contract as specified by its terms,2020/9/1,法律英语,49,However,equi

33、tablereliefregularlywill lieonlywhenthecommonlawreliefis inadequate. 不过，只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。,2020/9/1,法律英语,50,Forinstance,specificperformanceforthepurchaseofrealproperty willbegrantedbecausecommonlawdamagesaredeemedtobeinadequatesince theycannotcompensatethebuyer inviewoftheuniquenessattributedto r

34、ealproperty. 例如，对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济，因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分，由于不动产具有特殊性，普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。,2020/9/1,法律英语,51,假如房屋的卖方于成交后出尔反尔了，那么买方按普通法原则之规定得提出损害赔偿之诉。但买方如要求强制卖方出售（即要求履行），则买方则援引的是衡平法上的原则了。 Suppose that a vendor of house backs out on the deal. The vendee may sue for damages under common-law principles, but if he wants a c

35、ourt to force the seller to sell (specific performance) he uses principles developed in equity.,2020/9/1,法律英语,52,“ordinary”commonlawreliefofdamages普通法规定的赔偿金救济,“extraordinary”equityremedyofspecificperformance衡平法规定的特定履行救济,2020/9/1,法律英语,53,Asthecommonlaw,equitylawbecamepartofAmericanlaw eitherthrough j

36、udicialacceptance 司法接受 orthroughexpressstatutory provision 明确的成文法条款,2020/9/1,法律英语,54,Today,bothlegalsystemshavebeenmergedinmanyAmericanjurisdictions,普通法衡平法,thereisonlyoneformofcivilsuit inthesejurisdictionsaswellas infederalpractice. 在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式,2020/9/1,法律英语,55,OnlyfewStatescontinuetom

37、aintainaseparatechancerycourt. 独立大法官法庭,2020/9/1,法律英语,56,共同法与衡平法的差异，在于共同法官在适用其首创的程序和规则时所采取的严厉程度。共同法如此严厉，其结果就是需要对下列场予以救济：案件之衡平公正要求救助，而共同法的技术性规定地成了拦路虎，大法官主持的衡平法院。数百年来大法官得出的一套原则，后来就被称之为衡平法了，救助这一概念是灵活的很大程度上有赖于大法官对每一个案件适用良知原则。随着时间的推移，衡平法原则本身发生僵化而失去了灵活性。英国国会1873年通过法院法融两者为一炉，使共同法原则与衡平法原则在英国各级法院中同等适用。,2020/9

38、/1,法律英语,57,The common law exhibited a mark difference between law and equity, in consequence of the strictness with which the common law judge applied the rules and procedures they had evolved. The strictness of common law resulted in the need for redress in those situations where the equities of th

39、e case cried out for relief but the technicalities of the common law stood in the way. The english litigant turned was the court of chancery presided over by the lord chancellor.(大法官全称lord high chancellor of great britain) the principles resulting from the decisions of chancellors over the centuries

40、 came to be known as equity.,2020/9/1,法律英语,58,At first the concept of equitable relif was flexible, and depend to a large extent on the chancellors application of principles of conscience to each individual case before them. In time, equitable principles themselves became hardened and lost its flexi

41、bility. By the Judicature Act of 1873, parliament fused the two streams of english justice, making the common law and equity equally applicable in all english courts.,2020/9/1,法律英语,59,在美国某些州（如联邦和纽约州）已经废除普通和平法院的区别。从而在同一种法院执行两种法了，少数几个州（如新泽西州）现仍保留全然有别的衡平法院和普通法院。另一些州（如宾西法尼亚州）则由法官轮流以普通法法官和衡平法官和身份坐堂 这一区别虽

42、已不合时宜，但甚至衡平法院同普通法院已合而为一之场合，两者之原则仍不得混为一谈。其理由是：美国的各部宪法都只在按普通法原则办理的民事案件中才保证陪审。,2020/9/1,法律英语,60,Some US jurisdictions such as federal and New York, has abolished the distinction between courts of law and equity and administer two types in the same court, a few, such as New Jersey, retain entirely separ

43、ate courts of equity and law. Others, such as Pennsylvania, have a judge sit alternately as a common law judge and equity judge.,2020/9/1,法律英语,61,The distinction is anachronistic, but even where law and equity courts have been merged the principles must be kept separate. The reason for that all our

44、constitutions guarantee jury trial in civil cases under common law principles.,2020/9/1,法律英语,62,Caselawdescribestheentirebodyofjudgemadelawandtodayincludescommonlawandequityprecedents. “判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。,2020/9/1,法律英语,63,Inimpreciseandconfusingusage theterms commonlawandcaselawareoften

45、usedsynonymously,withtheterm“commonlaw”in this usageconnotingjudge-madelawingeneralascontrastedwithstatutorylaw. 普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。,2020/9/1,法律英语,64,Caselaw：alwaysconnotesjudgemadelaw 判例法总是指法官定法 commonlaw：eitherthe judgemadelawincommonlawsubjectmatters or,more extensively,alljudge

46、-madelaw. 普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法，又包括更广义的所有的法官定法,2020/9/1,法律英语,65,The advantage of the case law is the power of flexibility and growth. New decisions are constantly being added as new cases come before the courts. In this way the law tends to keep pace with the times and can adapt itself to changing circu

47、mstances. The drawbacks of case law in some cases merely the converse aspects of the advantages. For example, jeremy bentham criticised the principle of the law following the event dogs law system, it is, he says,the judges that make the common law , do you know how they make it ?just as a man makes

48、 laws for his dog, when your dog does something you want to break him of , you wait till he does it and then beat him , this is the way you make laws for your dog, this is the way the judge makes laws for you.,2020/9/1,法律英语,66,案例法的优点，灵活性和成长的能力，随着一件件新的案件告到法院，一个个新的判决也就补充起来。这样法律就能跟上时代的步伐并适应不断变化的客观情况。案例

49、法的害处，就是上述优点的反面。例如边沁曾对事后立法原则加以指责并称判例制度为狗法，他说：“是法官们在制度共同法，你知道他们是怎么样制定的吗？就同一个人替他的那条狗立法一样，狗做了人不让做的事情，人们事先袖手旁观，然后在事发后揍他。这是人替狗立法的方法，也是法官替你我立法的方式。,2020/9/1,法律英语,67,A further criticism is that the binding force of precedent limits judicial discretion. It has been said that judges are engaged in forging fett

50、ers for their own feet. This can be illustrated by the doctrine of common employment. Which was laid down by the house of lords in Priestley v.Fowler(1837). This doctrine said that if a employee was injured by a fellow employee whilst both were acting within the scope of their employment, their empl

51、oyer was not liable vicariously for the negligence. The rule operated in a most unjust fashion during the period of great industrial development, but it continued to bind judges for over a century until it was finally abolished by the Law Reform (Personal Injuries)Act,1948.All the judges could do in

52、 the meantime was to limit its scope.,2020/9/1,法律英语,68,案例法受的另一个指责，则是先例的的拘束力限制了审判上的裁量，有人还说，法官们是在替自己铸造脚镣。这一点可以用共同受雇说来加以说明，此说是由上议院在普里斯特告福尔一案中所规定的（1837），它说，如果两人在受雇范围内行事时，其中一人被同事伤害了，那么他俩的雇主对这一疏忽不代为负责。在工业大发展时期运用这一规则，是极不公道的。但是这条规则在（1948年人身伤害法律改良法）予以废除前，却拘束了法官百多年之久。这其间，法官能做的，只是限制这一规则的运用。,2020/9/1,法律英语,69,重点

53、词汇,UnitedStatesSupremeCourt Common law legal system Civil law legal system Case law Statutory law classicalRomanlaw,2020/9/1,法律英语,70,privatelaw binding interpretation itinerantjudges Englishroyalcourt Enforcement，claim，action，writ writuponthecase,2020/9/1,法律英语,71,equitylaw equity caselaw exaequoetbo

54、no specificperformance injunction equitablerelief commonlawrelief commonlawdamages,2020/9/1,法律英语,72,civilsuit Jurisdictions title trialbyjury judge-madelaw,2020/9/1,法律英语,73,Terms: judicial precedent 司法先例 an earlier judicial decision which influences or binds courts in later similar cases stare decisis 遵循先例的原则 Similar cases should be decided in the same way unless there is good reason for a court to do otherwise. jurisdiction 司法管辖权、司法管辖区 the power of a court to hear and decide a case; an area where a court has such power,2020/9/1,法律英语,74,trial court / court of the first instance 一