语法：从句.ppt

1、语法,五大句型与三大从句,五大基本句型,1.SV和SVA 结构(主语+谓语;主语+谓语+状语) Suddenly it rained. The sun sets in the west. Time and tide wait for nobody. 2.SVC 结构(主+谓语+主补/表语) He is a student. The river grows wider. 3SVO与SVOA 结构(主语+谓语+宾语; 主+谓+宾+状语) He has a car. Mary put the kettle on the stove. 4 SVOiOd结构(主语+谓语+双宾语) Ann gave a

2、beautiful doll to her daughter. Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. 5 SVOCo结构(主语+谓语+宾语+宾补) The team chose Charlotte captain. We believed Tom to be a fine player.,句子成分,一主语 Quality matters more than quantity. The tall boy with blond hair is from Finland. He is my father. One is enough To know the

3、disease is half the cure Talking mends no holes. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. The old and the handicapped are taken good care of. 注意:只有名词和名词性质的词才能做主语,动词或句子没有关联词连接的时候都不能做主语.,典型错句 E.g., 跑得快是当一个小偷所必备的条件. Run fast is an essential skill for a thief. E.g.,他喜欢我是一个公开的秘密了. He likes m

4、e is a public secret. E.g.,我们是否出门取决于天气情况. We will go out or not depends on the weather. 二谓语 His sister is a doctor. It smells terrible. How could we learn English well? The temple has not been used as a place of worship since Roman times.,三人称单数/不定式/句子/动名词做主语,谓语用单数. He doesnt like fast food. Reading

5、various kinds of books helps him a lot. What our country needs is more jobs and lower taxes. To become doctors is their ambition. 所有时态都在动词的变化上. 三主语补语/表语 Africa is a big continent. Its me! I feel much better now. He is not in. He is in good health. The teacher was satisfied with my work. She was the

6、third to arrive. My intention was to help you. The important thing is knowing what to do. The question is when the meeting should be held.,四宾语 放在及物动词后面 He takes a bath every morning. All of us like him Give me four. He began to learn English a year ago. Do you mind my opening the window? They teach

7、the blind to read Braille. I wonder whether youd like to go with us? 五宾语补语 We consider Mr. Collins a good friend. They painted the wall white. The next morning I found him at his machine again. We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again. I heard somebody knocking at the door .,六定语 The making

8、 of a hero is a good novel. Retired people have a good time at home. The woman talking with our monitor is our new physics teacher. Do you have any books about English literature? Please copy out the sixth paragraph. He asked for two weeks leave. Whats the weather forecast for tomorrow? There is not

9、hing to be done. Who broke the leg of the desk? Visiting hours are from 4 to 6 in the afternoon. They live in the room above. He who makes no mistake makes nothing.,七状语 He laughs best who laughs last. He tore that paper out of his notebook. He sat there smoking. He was lucky enough to catch the trai

10、n. Wait a moment. Go straight on until you come to a large red building. 八独立成分 He, I believe, is an honest man.,Practice,去哪儿停这些车真是个问题. 抽烟对身体不好. 我的爱好是集邮. 体育课的目的是为了强健人的身体. 我们选举小薛为我们 班的班长. 我喜欢吃我妈妈煮的菜. 有一个漂亮的女生在教室里自习. 这就是那本我要的书! 不知道该怎么办,他给警察打了电话.,Reference answers,Where to park these cars is a problem.

11、Smoking is bad for health. My hobby is collecting stamps. The aim of P.E is to build up peoples health. We elected Xiao Xue the monitor of the class. I like the food cooked by my mother. There was a beautiful girl studying in the classroom. This is the very book (that) I want. Not knowing what to do

12、, he telephoned the policeman.,句子及其分类,1）按使用目的划分 陈述句（Declarative Sentences） 说明事实或是陈述说话人的看法 She arrived quite early She may have arrived now. 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences） 一般问句（General Questions） Shall I turn on the TV?Yes, please. 特殊问句（Special Questions） How much is this table-cloth cost? 选择问句（Alterna

13、tive Questions） Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow?Probably today. 反意问句（Disjunctive Questions） We cant take the books out, can we?No, we cant.,句子及其分类,祁使句（Imperative Sentences） 表示请求，命令，叮嘱，邀请，劝告等，谓语动词用原形 Have a cigarette. Be sure to get here before nine. Take care not to catch cold. Dont trou

14、ble to come over yourself. Never do that again. Everybody shut their eyes. You get out of here! 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences） What a noble-hearted man he was! What silly questions you asked！ How well she dances! How he hated these beasts！,句子及其分类,2)按结构划分： 简单句（Simple Sentences） The bird flew away. We sho

15、uld study hard. 并列句（Compound Sentences） We must redouble our efforts, or well never be able to catch up with the others. She is coming tomorrow, and I will tell her the truth then. 复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含有两个或更多的主谓结构，其中有一个或更多的主谓结构充当句子的某一成分。 That the earth is round is true. We should never pretend t

16、o know what we dont know. We look forward to the day when we will meet again. As soon as I arrived at the station, the train left. Turn off the light before you leave the room,三大从句,名词性从句 1主语从句 2宾语从句 3表语从句 4同位语从句 定语从句，又叫形容词性从句 状语从句，也叫副词性从句,状语从句,在句子中做状语,由从属连词引入,根据含义可分为时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,方式,让步,条件等八种.,状语从句1

17、: 时间状语从句,#表时间常用连词: 1when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, 2the moment, the minute, every time, the first time, immediately, until, till, since, once, 3hardly / scarcelywhen, no soonerthan We were sitting in our garden when the rain fell. She broke a glass while she was washing up. As

18、 the boys walked along the lake, they sang merrily. My teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything had a name. It has been 5 years since I saw her last time. Once you understand this rule, you will have no difficulty. Scarcely had the lights been turned off when Jack f

19、ell fast asleep.,状语从句2: 地点状语从句,由where,wherever引导 He painted wherever he happened to be. Where there is a will, there is a way. Make a mark where you have any doubts .,状语从句3: 原因状语从句,#常用连词: because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that We work hard at English because we will go to study

20、in Netherlands one year later. As it was raining hard, they stayed at home. Since he is busy, I wont trouble him. The days were short, for it was winter. Now that he is a smart boy, he should know what to do. Considering he has been in this position for only 3 months, he does a very good job.,状语从句3:

21、 原因状语从句,#注意: 1Because 通常不放在句首,而且表示原因的意味最浓. As通常放在句首,语气比because弱,通常表示一种比较明显的原因. Since表示一种对方已知而不待言的感觉.通常放在句首. For只能放在句子后部.表一种补充说明. Eg.因为玉米是美洲印地安人首先种植的, 所以 又叫印地安玉米. 由于雨下的很大,他们只好待在家里. 白天短了,因为现在已经是十二月. 今天既然我来了,我一切都看见了.,状语从句4: 目的状语从句,#连词有that, so that,such that, in order that等. 从句的动词常用can/could, may/might

22、, will/would, shall/should等情态动词. e.g.He got up early in order that he could catch the train. Ive sent the letter first class so that it will get there tomorrow.,状语从句5: 结果状语从句,#连词有sothat, so that e.g.He was ill so he didnt go. The wind was so fierce that they could not continue the journey.,状语从句6: 条件

23、状语从句,#分为真实条件句和非真实条件句，非真实条件句既虚拟语气句。 #常用连词有if, unless, suppose, provided/providing (that), on condition (that), so (as)long as, supposing, in case, for fear that(lest)等 e.g.He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. You can borrow it as long as you return it on time. #suppose, supposing 常用

24、于疑问句 e.g.Suppose/supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say? =What if I accepted this offer?,状语从句7: 让步状语从句,#常用连词有though, although, as, even if, even though, no matter e.g.Though he was angry, he listened to me patiently. Hard as the conditions were, George persevered in his study. Patient t

25、hough he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.,状语从句8:方式状语从句,#常用连词有: as, as if, as though, (just) asso, the morethe more You ought to do as your teacher tells you. As you hate math, I dislike chemistry. There is always more work to do than can be afforded. The more famous he became, th

26、e happier he grew. #As if ,as though 引导的从句常用虚拟语气,状语从句注意问题,#不要按汉语习惯总是把从句放在句首.英文中除非特别强调,一般都是把从句放在句子后部. #名词放在主句中, 代词放在从句中. #不要重复使用连词. e.g.Although he is very busy, but he has never been absent from the evening class. Because it looked like rain, so they decided to cancel the trip.,translation,因为Tom学习非常

27、用功,他一定会成功的. 每个人都喜欢Tom, 因为他友好诚实. 既然你已经来了就多呆一会吧. 尽管他们很贫穷, 但是他们很慷慨友好. 我一到家, 天就下雨了. 这件毛衣跟我遗失的一样. 她太累了,马上就睡着了.,定语从句,#在句中做定语,修饰某一名词.被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词.定语从句一般放在它所修饰的先行词的后面. #引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, what, whose等, 关系副词有when, where, why, how等. 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用, 使二者联系起来. 同时关系代词和关系副词又

28、用做定语从句的一个句子成分, 关系代词做主语, 宾语和定语; 关系副词做状语. #定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.,关系代词和关系副词的功用,#作主语 e.g.The children who live on the nearby farms go to school by bike. The branch of science which deals with our lives and health is called biochemistry. 注意: 从句中的谓语动词必须和先行词一致. #作宾语 e.g.The man whom you want to see has c

29、ome. This is the hospital that we visited yesterday. The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine. 在口语和非正式文体中定语从句里做宾语的关系代词可 以省略.,关系代词和关系副词的功用,#作定语(whose) what is the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor? Is that the man whose house was burnt down last week? The house who

30、se windows are broken is unoccupied. #作状语(where, when, why) Do u know the factory where David works? I still remember the night when I first came to the school? Tell me the reason why you chose to study medicine.,注意,#关系代词whom, which在定语从句中用做介词宾语时, 介词既可以防在原来的位置也可以放到whom, which之前. Is he the man whom yo

31、u spoke to yesterday? Is he the man to whom you spoke yesterday. This is the man from whom I learnt the news. 但如果是短语动词则不可拆开. The babies whom the nurses look after all look happy and healthy. #如果先行词不是一个单词而是一个句子的话, 用which. 相当于and this. The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.,注意,#如果先

32、行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词; 序数词所修饰的词; 形容词最高级所修饰的词时,只能用that, 不用which. Is there anything that I can do for you? The last place that I visited was the dairy farm. It was the finest art exhibition that we ever saw. # 定语从句和分词短语的互换. There are many students who are studying English in this school. There are many studen