语法第二,三讲.ppt

1、主谓一致,1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。一般来说，不可数名词、可数名词单数用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语 。,单数名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词谓语动词用 单数形式。,The book is of great value.,The food has gone bad.,Socialism is believed to be very good in that country.,The States is a developed countr

2、y.,Physics is not easy to learn, he told me.,语法一致,2. 不定式、动名词、从句做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 What引导的主语从句做主语时，要根据表语。,To see is to believe.,It is necessary to read a lot.,Losing the book was what made her very sad.,It is no use crying over spilt milk,What youve said is quite right.,语法一致,What they need are people to

3、help them.,What I need is one book, while what he needs are two books.,3. 不定代词somebody, someone, anyone,anybody,everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, something, anything, everything, nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,Hardly anyone knows the secret.,Almost no one wants to be friends with him.,Everything is ok now

4、. Lets begin.,Everybody knows that Taiwan is part of China.,Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.,语法一致,4.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 。,Reading and writing are very important.,When we will do that and how we should do that have not been decided yet.,To say something and to do it are quite different t

5、hings.,注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数,The teacher and musician is coming here tomorrow.,语法一致,When and how we should do that hasnt been discussed.,To go to bed early and to get up early is a good habit.,War and peace is still a subject people often talk about.,Bread and butter is what

6、they usually have for breakfast.,5. 在Eachand each, every and every, no and no.之后，谓语动词用单数形式。,Each boy and each girl was given a present.,Every flower and every tree is to be cut down.,No teacher and no student is permitted to get in.,语法一致,6.当主语有with, along with, together with, like, except, but, incl

7、uding, besides, rather than, as well as,in addition to 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。,The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.,He, as well as I, wants to go boating.,All the students but Tom were waiting there patiently.,The headmaster, rather than the teachers, was very worried ab

8、out that.,Many people, like Mr. Wang, were living a hard life.,语法一致,1.集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如army, class, enemy, family, government, group, team 等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。,The family is very big.,The family are discussing where to go for a holiday.,但集合名词people, police, cattle, 等用复数形

9、式。,The police are looking into the matter.,Cattle feed on grass.,意义一致,2. None 和neither作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式，也可用复数形式。若none of 后面的词为不可数名词，则谓语动词为单数形式。,Neither of them is/are going to help her.,None of the girls likes/like the school clothes.,None of the money is mine.,neither作定语，后跟单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式,Neither book

10、 is of much value.,意义一致,3.代词some,rest, more, most, enough,all等词作主语时，谓语动 词的单复数由代词指代的词的单复数决定。,Some of them were angry./ Some of the cloth was stolen.,The rest of the class are boys./ The rest of the work is hard to do.,Most of the work has been finished./ Most of them dont agree.,All is well that ends

11、 well./ All I want is your advice. All that they need are books.,More of the material is wanted./ More of the chairs are going to be sent there.,意义一致,4.a (large/small) number of/ the number of, books of this kind / this kind of book(s) 等中心词不一样，谓语动词也不一样。,A number of people are going to be punished.,T

12、he number of laid-off workers is coming down.,This kind of book(s) is hard to find.,Books of this kind are of great value.,意义一致,5. half of, a large/small quantity of, a lot of/lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。,Half of the apple has gone bad.,A large quantity of water is needed.,A smal

13、l quantity of potatoes have been sold.,Large/small quantities of 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。,Large quantities of water have been polluted.,意义一致,6. many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。,Many a person has read the novel.,More than one student is against the plan.,7. 分数、百分数作主语，根据其后的名词定谓语形式。,More than 60 pe

14、rcent of the students are from the city.,Two thirds of the work has been finished.,意义一致,8. one of 其后有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词形式取决于one有没有修饰语。,He was one of the teachers who were invited to the meeting.,He was the only one of the teachers who was invited to the meeting.,9.表示金钱，时间，距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时

15、，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。,Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.,Ten dollars is enough.,意义一致,10. No后可跟单数或复数名词，动词取决于其后的名词。,No teachers are willing to do that.,No magazine is allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.,11. 在四则运算中，谓语动词常用单数，也可用复数。,Two and two is/are four.,Three pl

16、us three is/are six.,意义一致,Five minus two is/are three.,Five times five is/are twenty five.,Twenty divided by four is/are five.,12. 定冠词加形容词表一类人作主语，谓语动词常用复数。,The young sometimes think differently from the old.,The rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer.,13.定冠词加形容词表一类事物作主语，谓语动词常用单数。,

17、The impossible is often the untried.,意义一致,The beauty is hers.,1. 当there/here be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。,There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. Here is the book you want.,There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class./ Here are the questions they asked

18、.,2. 当not onlybut also; notbut; or; either or;neither nor ; not onlybut;as well连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。,Either you or she is to go.,在疑问句中，与前面的一致。,Is either he or you a teacher?,就近原则,代词一致,1. 不定代词somebody, someone, anyone,anybody,everyone, everybody, no one, nobody作主语，其相应的代词常用he, him, himself, 在非正式英语中

19、, 可用they, them, themselves, 有时也用he/she的相应形式。 Everybody looked after himself/themselves. 2. something, anything, everything, nothing作主语，代词用it. Everything is ready, isnt it? 3. Each作主语指人，代词用he/him等，指物时，用it。 Each of us is responsible for his own family. 4. 当代词的所指对象为列结构时，根据所指，用相应的代词形式。 She likes bread a

20、nd butter, but it is not healthy food. I bought bread and butter at the shop yesterday, and they cost two pounds.,以-s结尾的名词或词组作主语,表示学科名称的词如physics, maths, economics, politics等，复数形式的国家名称、城市名称、疾病名称、游戏名词以及报纸、书名或其他机构名称作主语，谓语用单数形式。 The United Nations was first founded in 1945. The Netherlands is a country in West Europe on the North Sea. The New York Times is published daily. Politics is often a topic for discussion among us. Every means has been tried. 以-s结尾的群岛、海峡、山脉、瀑布等作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。 The West Indians are a large group of islands lying