




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1、矿物加工专业英语1,Chapter 1 第一章 Introduction 导论 1.1 Mineral and Ores 矿物与矿石 1.1.1 Minerals 矿物 The forms in which metals are found in the crust of the earth and as seabed deposits depend on their reactivity with their environment, particularly with oxygen, sulphur, and carbon dioxide. Gold and the platinum me
2、tals are found principally in the native or metallic form. Silver, copper, and mercury are found native, as well as in the form of sulphides, carbonates, and chlorides. The more reactive metals are always in compound form, such as the oxides and suphides of iron and the oxides and silicates of alumi
3、nium and beryllium. The naturally occurring compounds are known as minerals, most of which have been given names according to their composition e.g. galena-lead sulphide, PbS; sphalerite-zinc sulphide, ZnS; cassiterite-tin oxide, SnO2.,专业词汇: Metal: 金属 crust:地壳 seabed deposits:海底矿 environment:环境 sulp
4、hur:硫 carbon dioxide:二氧化碳 Gold:黄金 platinum:铂金 native:自然的 metallic form:金属形式 Silver:银 copper:铜 mercury:汞 sulphide:硫化物 carbonate:碳酸盐 chloride:氯化物 reactive metals:活性金属 compound form:化合物形式 oxide:氧化物 silicate:硅酸盐 aluminium:铝 beryllium:铍 composition:成分 galena:方铅矿 lead:铅 sphalerite:闪锌矿 zinc:锌 cassiterite:锡
5、石 tin:锡 iron:铁,参考译文: 金属在地壳中和海底的存在形式取决于它与其环境元素,尤其是与氧、硫和二氧化碳的化学反应活性。金和铂主要以“自然”或者说金属形式存在。银、铜和汞通常以硫化物、碳酸盐和氯化物形式存在,其单质形式亦存在。活性更大的金属总是以化合物形式存在,例如,铁以氧化物和硫化物形式存在,铝和铍以氧化物和硅酸盐形式存在。自然产生的化合物就称为矿物,大部分矿物是根据它们的化学成分而命名如方铅矿-硫化铅;闪锌矿-硫化锌;锡石-锡的氧化物。,1.1.2 Metallic ores 金属矿 The abundance of metals in the oceans is relate
6、d to some extent to the crustal abundancies, since they have come from the weathering of the crustal rocks, but superimposed upon this are the effects of acid rain-waters on mineral leaching processes; thus the metal availability from sea-water shown in table 1.2 does not follow precisely that of th
7、e crustal abundance. The sea-bed is likely to become a heavily exploited source of metals in the near future for the so-called “manganese nodules” are rich in a variety of metals in addition to manganese. These nodules are continuously being formed in oxygen-rich waters particularly in the Pacific O
8、cean.,abundance of metals: 金属含量 to some extent:在一定程度上 weathering of the crustal rocks:地壳岩石的风化 acid rain-waters:酸雨 mineral leaching processes:矿物浸出过程 the crustal abundance:地壳含量 manganese nodules:锰结核 oxygen-rich waters:富氧水 the Pacific Ocean:太平洋,翻译: 金属在海洋中的含量在一定程度上与其在地壳中的含量有关,因为海洋中的金属来自于地壳岩石的风化,但另一个影响因素
9、是酸雨对于矿物浸出过程的影响;因此表1.2中示出的金属在海洋中的含量并非与其在地壳中的含量完全一致。海底可能在不远的将来成为金属的重要来源,因为所谓的“锰结核”不仅含锰,而且还富含很多种其它金属。这些锰结核在富氧海水中还在不断形成,尤其是在太平洋海水中。,1.1.3 Non-metallic Ores 非金属矿 Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic or non-metallic according to the use of the mineral. Certain minerals may be mined and proces
10、sed for more than one purpose. In one category the mineral may be a metal ore, i.e. when it is used to prepare the metal, as when bauxite hydrated aluminium oxide is used to make aluminium. The alternative is for the compound to be classified as a non-metallic ore, i.e. when bauxite or natural alumi
11、nium oxide is used to make material for refractory bricks or abrasives.,专业词汇: Ores of economic value 有价矿石物 mined 开采 processed 加工 category 目录 bauxite 铝土矿 hydrated aluminium oxide 水和氧化铝 refractory bricks 耐火砖 abrasives 磨料 有价矿物按照其用途可分为金属和非金属矿物。某些矿物的用途可以不仅仅只有一种。在一种情况下某种矿物可以是一种金属矿物,即当它用于生产金属时,如铝土矿水和氧化铝用于生
12、产金属铝时;另一种情况下铝土矿被分类为非金属矿物,即当它用于生产耐火砖或磨料时。,1.2 Scope of Mineral Processing 选矿的作用 Mineral processing is concerned mainly with the physical methods of separation, which may be: . Separation dependent on optical and radioactive properties, etc. This is often called sorting, which commonly included hand s
13、election of high-grade ores until relatively recently. . Separation dependent on specific gravity differences. This utilises the differential movement of minerals due to mass effects, usually in hydraulic currents. Although the method declined in importance with the development of the froth flotatio
14、n process, it is now being increasingly used due to improved techniques and its relative simplicity compared with other methods. It also has the advantage of producing less environmental pollution. . Separation utilising the different surface properties of the minerals. Froth flotation, which is und
15、oubtedly the most important method of concentration, is affected by the degree of affinity of the minerals for rising air-bubbles,within the agitated pulp. By adjusting the “climate” of the pulp by various reagents, it is possible to make the valuable minerals air-avid aerophilic and the gangue mine
16、rals water-avid aerophobic. This results in separation by transfer of the valuable minerals to the air-bubbles which form the froth floating on the surface of the pulp. . Separation dependent on magnetic properties. Low intensity magnetic separators can be used to concentrate ferromagnetic minerals
17、such as magnetite, while high-intensity separators are used to separate paramagnetic minerals from their gangue. Magnetic separation is an important process in the beneficiation of iron ores, but also finds application in the treatment of paramagnetic non-ferrous minerals. It is widely used to remov
18、e paramagnetic wolframite and hematite from tin ores, and has found considerable application in the processing of non-metallic minerals, such as those found in beach sand deposits.,. Separation dependent on electrical conductivity properties. High-tension separation can be used to separate conductin
19、g from non-conducting minerals. This method is interesting, since theoretically it represents the “universal” concentrating method; almost all minerals show some difference in conductivity and it should be possible to separate almost any two by this process. However, the method has fairly limited ap
20、plication, and its greatest use is in separating some of the minerals found in heavy sands from beach or stream placers. Minerals must be completely dry and the humidity of the surrounding air must be regulated, since most of the electron movement in dielectrics takes place on the surface and a film
21、 of moisture can change the behavior completely. The biggest disadvantage of the method is that the capacity of economically sized units is very low.,Mineral processing 选矿 physical methods of separation 物理分选法 optical and radioactive properties 光学和放射性 sorting 拣选 hand selection 手选 high-grade ores 高品位矿
22、石 specific gravity 比重 utilise 利用BRE mass effects 质量效应 hydraulic currents 水流 froth flotation 泡沫浮选 the degree of affinity 亲和程度 valuable minerals 有价矿物 air-avid 亲气的 water-avid 亲水的 aerophilic 亲气的 aerophobic 亲水的 ferromagnetic minerals 铁磁性矿物 Magnetite 磁铁矿 paramagnetic minerals 顺磁性矿物 high-intensity separato
23、rs 强磁选机,gangue 脉石 non-ferrous minerals 有色金属矿物 wolframite 黑钨矿 hematite 赤铁矿 beach sand deposits 海滨沙矿 electrical conductivity 导电性 High-tension separation 高压电选 non-conducting minerals 非导体矿物 the “universal” concentrating method “万能”选矿法 stream placers 河沙沙矿 dielectric 介电质 the electron movement 电子运动 economi
24、cally sized units 商用机,选矿主要使用物理分选法,这些方法有: 利用光学和放射性等进行分选。这种方法常称为“拣选”,因为拣选以前通常包括用手选高品位矿石。 利用比重差进行分选。这种方法,通常在水流中,利用由于质量效应导致的矿物运动轨迹不同而分选。虽然此法在过去由于泡沫浮选的出现其重要性下降,但现在此法的应用在不断增加,一方面是由于重选技术进步,另一方面是此法与它法比相对简单。此法还有一个优势是它对环境造成的污染小。 利用矿物表面性质不同进行分选。泡沫浮选,毫无疑问是最重要的选矿方法,是基于不同矿物在搅拌矿浆中对于上升气泡的亲和程度不同。通过各种浮选药剂对矿浆进行调整,有可能使
25、有价矿物亲气,脉石矿物亲水疏气。这样就导致有用矿物和脉石矿物的分离;分离的原理是有用矿物转移到气泡上,气泡形成泡沫,泡沫就浮在矿浆表面。,4. 利用矿物的磁性进行分选。弱磁选机可以用来选别铁磁性矿物,如磁铁矿;而强磁选机用来从脉石中分选出弱磁性矿物。磁选是铁矿石选矿的重要选矿方法,但磁选也用于处理弱磁性有色金属矿物。它广泛地用于从锡矿中脱去黑钨矿和赤铁矿,它还常常用来分选非金属矿物,如用于分选海滨沙中的非金属矿物。 5. 利用导电性进行分选。高压电选可以用来分离导体矿物和非导体矿物。此法很有趣,因为,从理论上说,此法代表的是“万能”选矿法;几乎所有的矿物其导电性都存在差别,因此此法可以分离任意
26、两种矿物。然而,此法的应用却是相当有限的,其最大用途在于用来分离来自海滨沙和河沙的粗精矿中的一些矿物。分选的矿物必须完全干燥,并且周围空气的湿度必须得到控制,因为介电质中的电子流动大部分发生在其表面,一层潮气可以完全改变其导电性。此法最大的劣势在于工业规模的电选机处理能力很低。,Chapter 2 第二章 Ore Handling 矿石处理 2.0.Introduction 导论 Ore handling, which may account for 30-60% of the total delivered price of raw materials, covers the process
27、es of transportation, storage, feeding, and washing of the ore en route to , or during, its various stages of treatment in the mill. since the physical state of ores in situ may range from friable, or even sandy material, to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite, the methods of mining and
28、 provisions for the handling of the freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely. Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks, belts, or even by sluicing, but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting . Modern developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic exp
29、losive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps. At the same time, crushers have become larger and lumps up to 2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.,the total delivered price of raw materials en route,2.1 The Removal of Ha
30、rmful Materials 去除有害杂物 Ore entering the mill from the mine run-of-mine ore normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to the mill equipment and processes. For instance, large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers. Wood is a
31、 major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens, etc. It can also choke flotation cell ports; consume flotation reagents by absorption, and decompose to give depressants, which render valuable minerals unfloatable. Clays and slimes adhering t
32、o the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening, filtration, and thickening, and again consume valuable flotation reagents. All these must be removed as far as possible at an early stage in treatment. Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised
33、methods of dealing with large tonnages, but it is still used where plentiful cheap labor is available.,Crushers can be protected from large pieces of “tramp” iron and steel by electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts. These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel trave
34、lling over the belt and, at intervals, can be swung away from the belt and unloaded. Guard magnets, however, cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores, such as those containing magnetite, nor will they remove Non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore. Metal detectors which
35、measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed can be fitted over or around conveyor belts. The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals and fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field. When a metal object causes an alarm, the belt automatically stops and the object can,be removed. It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet wh
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 实践应用2025年软件设计师试题及答案
- 如何培养学生的自主学习能力计划
- 2024年河北省文化和旅游厅下属事业单位真题
- 湖北省武汉市江岸区2025年八下数学期末学业质量监测模拟试题含解析
- 2024年贵州省商务厅下属事业单位真题
- 2024年南大奥宇高级中学招聘笔试真题
- 风险管理建议与企业应对措施试题及答案
- 打造高效学习计划软件设计师考试的试题及答案
- 2025年软考网络管理员考试复习笔记和试题及答案
- 代码注释与文档对照的作用试题及答案
- ××企业档案分类方案
- 《测绘生产成本费用定额》(2025版)
- 顺丰talentq测试题及答案
- 2025年科学实验小试题及答案
- 2025年思政考试试题及答案职高
- 幼教培训课件:《幼儿园思维共享的组织与实施》
- 招标代理招标服务实施方案
- 《构建和谐人际关系》课件
- 第四单元《跨媒介阅读与交流-信息时代的语文生活》教学设计 2023-2024学年统编版高中语文必修下册
- (高清版)JJF(皖) 207-2025 比表面积及孔径分析仪校准规范
- 2025年中考英语时文阅读:6篇有关电影哪吒2的英语阅读及相关题目(无答案)
评论
0/150
提交评论