《医学术语学》教学课件：第四章 构词法

1、Chapter Four,Word-formation of Medical Terms,Seven types of word formation,Affixation附加法 Composition合成法 Conversion转化法 Blending缩合法 Backformation逆序法 Clipping缩略法 Acronym首字母缩写法,Affixation,formation of words by means of affixes prefix 前缀 suffix 后缀,Affixation,prefix Prefixation,Affixation,Prefixation sema

2、ntically oriented add new meaning without changing the part of speech(词性),Affixation,Prefixation autograft auto- self graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ, surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 自体（身）移植物,Affixation,

3、Prefixation isograft aIsErB:ft graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ, surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 同系移植物，同基因移植物(identical twins),Affixation,Prefixation iso- equal; uniform isoantibody同种抗体, 同族抗体 Isoantigen(抗

4、原) isoconcentration 等浓度,Affixation,Prefixation allograft 5AlErB:ft graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ, surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 同种异体移植物,Affixation,Prefixation allo- Other; different allogenous 异源的,异生

5、的 allosome 异染色体,异形染色体,Affixation,Prefixation xenograft 5zenErB:ft =heterograft 7hetErEu5rB:ft graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ, surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 异种移植物,Affixation,Prefixation xeno- strange;

6、foreign; different Xenophobia 陌生恐怖症 xenophthalmia 异物性眼炎,Affixation,Prefixation heterograft 7hetErEu5rB:ft hetero- Other; different graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ, surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 异种移植物,A

7、ffixation,Prefixation Intracranial intra- within cranial skull 颅内的,Affixation,Prefixation antiallergenic anti- against allergenic 抗过敏的,Affixation,Prefixation antineoplastic anti- against neoplastic 抗肿瘤的,Affixation,Prefixation Restenosis7ri:sti5nEJsis re- again, back Stenosis: A constriction or narro

8、wing of a duct or passage; a stricture 再狭窄,Affixation,Prefixation asymptomatic a- without symptomatic: pertaining to symptom 无症状的,Affixation,Prefixation nondiabetic non- not diabetic: of diabetes 非糖尿病的,Affixation,Prefixation hyperlipidemia hyper- more than normal or necessary lipid- lipid, fat (h)em

9、- blood -ia abnormal condition 高血脂, 高脂血症,Affixation,suffix suffixation,Affixation,suffixation change the part of speech,Affixation,suffixation immune immunity immunize immunization,Affixation,suffixation eradication specificity sensitivity,Patterns of affixation,prefix + root inject in- (into) + jec

10、(t)- (to throw) put material into a particular location, often using a syringe 注射,Patterns of affixation,prefix + combining vowel + root ectoderm 外胚层 5ektEudE:m ect- (outside) + derm- (skin) the outer laver of the embryo Cf. endoderm内皮层,Patterns of affixation,root +suffix stasis5steisis sta- ( to st

11、and) + -sis (a condition of), slowing of fluid movement, such as the blood circulation 郁积, 血液停滞,Patterns of affixation,root + combining vowel + suffix sclerosisskliE5rEusis scler- ( to harden) + -sis ( a condition of), hardening or stiffening of a tissue 硬化症,Patterns of affixation,prefix + root + su

12、ffix perirenal: peri- (around) + ren- ( kidney) + -al (pertaining to) located around the kidney 肾周的,Patterns of affixation,prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix synarthrosissinB:5WrEusis syn- (together) + arthr- (joint) + -sis ( a condition of) immobilization of a joint by fusion 不动关节,Patterns of

13、 affixation,prefix + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix contraindication 5kCntrE7indi5keiFEn contra- (against) + in- (toward) + dic(t)- (to speak) + -tion (the action or process involved) a condition that precludes using a drug 禁忌, 禁忌症,Patterns of affixation,root + root + suffix sialadenitis 5

14、saiE9lAdE5naitis: sial- (saliva) + aden- (gland) + -itis (an inflammatory condition) inflammation of a salivary gland,Patterns of affixation,root + combining vowel + root + suffix hemophilia 7hi:mE5filiE hemo- (blood) + phil- (beloved, loving) +-ia (pathological or abnormal condition) 血友病,Patterns o

15、f affixation,prefix + root + root + suffix hyperglycemia7haipElai5si:miE hyper- (excessive) + glyc- (sweet) + (h) em- (blood) -ia (condition) the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. 高血糖症,Composition,joining two or more words compound word 复合词,Composition,three types

16、 of Compound Word open compound 分写复合词 made up of two or more words written separately sleeping sickness昏睡症 brain death birth control gray matter灰质 white matter白质,Composition,three types of Compound Word A hyphenated compound 带连字符 consists of two or more words connected by a hyphen high-resolution高分辨

17、率 host-specific寄主专化的,寄主专一性的 graft-versus-host移植物抗宿主,Composition,three types of Compound Word A solid compound 固定复合词 consists of two words written as one word sleepwalk overweight nosebleed =rhinorrhagia =nasal hemorrhage鼻衄,Composition,Neo-classic compound新经典复合词 coined from elements of the classical

18、languages (Latin and Greek) biocide bio- life -cide kill 杀虫剂, 杀微生物剂,Composition,Neo-classic compound bacteriophobia bacterio- bacterium -phobia abnormal fear or dread of 细菌恐怖,Composition,Neo-classic compound lysosome lyso- lysis (分解) -some body 溶酶体,Composition,Neo-classic compound bio-science bio- l

19、ife science,Composition,Neo-classic compound psychanalysis psych- psychology analysis,Composition,Neo-classic compound biophysics bio- life Physics 生物物理学,Composition,Neo-classic compound chemotherapy chemo- chemical therapy,conversion,email electronic mail I sent you an e-mail I e-mailed you yesterd

20、ay” “Can I have your e-mail address in case I need to e-mail you.,conversion,stent 支架 English dentist, Charles R. Stent (1845-1901) 1. a device used to support a bodily orifice or cavity during skin grafting or to immobilize a skin graft following placement 2. a slender thread, rod, or catheter inse

21、rted into a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel, to provide support during or after anastomosis (吻合术).,conversion,stent “A new gamma radiation treatment intended to prevent stented arteries from renarrowing was approved by the FDA last year for widespread use.”,conversion,love (v.n.) taste (v.

22、n.) smell (v.n.) skin (n.v.) plaster (n.v.) mask (n.v.) faint (adj.v.) empty (adj.v.),blending,as chortle 哈哈大笑 from snort (呼哧声) plus chuckle (咯咯叫) brunch, from breakfast plus lunch,blending,formed by blending parts of two words (or more) three major patterns are defined part + part whole + part part

23、 + whole,blending,part + part genome(gene + chromosome) 基因组, 染色体组 autocide (automobile + suicide) 撞车自杀,blending,whole + part breathalyzer(breath + analyzer) 呼吸测醉器 lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut) 登月宇航员,blending,part + whole medicare (medical + care) medichair(medical + chair) 诊察椅 paramedic(parachute +

24、medic) 伞兵军医,backformation,the original name for a type of fruit was cherise, but some thought that word sounded plural, so they began to use what they believed to be a singular form, cherry, and a new word was born.,backformation,verbs are made from existing nouns by deleting seeming or imagined aff

25、ix chain-smoke from chain-smoker automate from automation,backformation,Other backformed medical terms diagnose from diagnosis palpitate from palpitation injure from injury transcript from transcription转录 psychoanalyze from psychoanalysis.,backformation,exceptions that involve other part of speech a

26、re not rare pathogen from pathogenic病原体 gloom from gloomy carcinogen (1936) from carcinogenic (1926) 致癌物质,clipping,shortening a word is shorten by clipping off part of the word without change in its meaning and word class,clipping,exam of examination flu of influenza specs of spectacles polio of poliomyelitis psych of psychol