免疫学发展史History

1、1,the history of immunology,jr. hons. immunology b.sc. d. i. stott,“he who ignores history is doomed to repeat it.”,2,stages of immunology,descriptive early period early attempts at vaccination: smallpox early experiments: bacteria cause disease humoral v. cellular immunity selective v. instructive

2、theories of i.r. the molecular revolution present,3,descriptive early period,plagues 1 lay with smallpox victim every night to end. all recovered. repeated with 6 more criminals + 5 orphans. then 2 daughters of prince phagocytosis & digestion of bacteria by ms & polymorphs phagocytic theory (innate

3、immunity). g.b. shaw, “the doctors dilemma”: “.stimulate the phagocytes”. humoral theory: koch, ehrlich et al. (berlin) showed serum from immunised animals kills bacteria.,13,ilya metchnikoff,14,humoral immunity,bordet discovered complement. behring & kitasato immunity to diphtheria & tetanus due to

4、 abs. v. toxins. passive tf. of immune serum protection = 1st immunotherapy.,15,16,wars of the cells and antibodies: truce,sir almoth wright & douglas - opsonisation of bacteria by abs. attempted fusion of cellular and humoral theories “sir almost right”. little progress in cellular immunology for 5

5、0 years (unfashionable).,17,20th c: how are abs. made? selective v. instructive theories,are abs pre-made (selective) or “moulded” by ag (instructive)? ehrlichs side chain theory (selective) pauling - instructive theory sir macfarlane burnet clonal selection theory.,18,19,chemical approach to abs. &

6、 ags.,landsteiner: specificity blood group ags. abs as proteins porter & edelman: 1st description of structure of igg,20,r. r. porter,21,return to cellular theories,(in parallel with studies of abs.) humoral immunity cannot explain graft rejection, tolerance, immunity to viruses. medawar tolerance t

7、o skin allografts role of t-cells: th cells (t-b cell cooperation), tc cells (kill virus infected cells). zinkernagel & doherty tc recognise ag. bound to mhc,22,1975 present: the molecular revolution (1),khler & milstein: monoclonal abs,nobel prize 1984,23,1975 present: the molecular revolution (2),tonegawa genetic basis of ab variability pcr & gene cloning techniques + mabs. identification, structure & function of ig & tcr genes, cell surface ags. & cytokines.,24,1975 present: the molecular revolution (3),genetic manipulation: gene k.o. and transgenic mice enable study o