小作文(开头段+基本句型).ppt

1、小作文 (图表作文/流程/地图),Agenda,小作文的基本要求 小作文完成步骤 审题5要素 开头段：基本句式、替换词 主体部分：必备句式、补充词汇 图表作文（线/条/表/饼）-动态图/静态图 流程图 地图,Writing Task 1 基本要求,summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparison where relevant. 总结信息 （概括特征，数据支持） 选择和汇报主要的特点 如果合适的话，进行比较,2014年小作文题型分布,1、动态图 2、静态图,小作文

2、完成步骤-图表（线/柱/表/饼图）,第一步：审题 第二步：开头段（改写题目） 第三步：完成主体部分 第四步：结尾段,第1步：审题,首先，确定图形类别 动态图（时间段） 静态图（时间点） 然后，确定描述对象 动态图：有几根线 静态图：几个对象 其次，确定时态 第四，确定图中重要的信息 第五，确定文章结构（分段）,区别动态图和静态图,动态图：强调变化趋势 静态图：强调对比,时间,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,动态图,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,动态图,25% 20% 15% 10% 5%,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,动态图,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,静态图,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,动态图,Th

3、e pie charts compare the sources of pollutants in a particular area of ocean.,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,静态图,练习：判断动态图还是静态图,静态图,第1步：审题,首先，确定图形类别 动态图（时间段） 静态图（时间点） 然后，确定描述对象 动态图：有几根线 静态图：几个对象 其次，确定时态 第四，确定图中重要的信息 第五，确定文章结构（分段）,练习：确定描述对象,4根线,练习：确定描述对象,4根线,25% 20% 15% 10% 5%,练习：确定描述对象,10根线,练习：确定描述对象,7根线,The pie char

4、ts compare the sources of pollutants in a particular area of ocean.,练习：确定描述对象,5个对象,第1步：审题,首先，确定图形类别 动态图（时间段） 静态图（时间点） 然后，确定描述对象 动态图：有几根线 静态图：几个对象 其次，确定时态： 第四，确定图中重要的信息 第五，确定文章结构（分段）,通过给定的时间确定,练习：确定时态,过去时,练习：确定时态,25% 20% 15% 10% 5%,过去时 将来时,第1步：审题,首先，确定图形类别 动态图（时间段） 静态图（时间点） 然后，确定描述对象 动态图：有几根线 静态图：几个对

5、象 其次，确定时态 第四，确定图中重要的信息 （最高值、第二高值、起始结束值、反转的数据、总体趋势） 第五，确定文章结构（分段）,动态图什么数值比较重要,一般来说：（针对一条线来说） 1、最高值 2、最后一年的数据 3、第一年的数据 4、中间的数据,练习：确定重要信息,最高值：road 第二高值：water 最低值：pipeline 总体趋势：road，water，pipeline上升，rail 平稳,第1步：审题,1. 确定图形类别： 2. 确定描述对象： 3.确定时态： 4.确定重要信息 5.分段：,动态图（1974-2002）,有4根线,分两段,过去时,最高值：road货运量最大 最低值

6、：pipeline货运量最少 趋势：road，water，pipeline货运量上升，rail 货运量平稳,小作文完成步骤-图表（线/柱/表/饼图）,第一步：审题 第二步：开头段（改写题目） 第三步：完成主体部分 第四步：结尾段,第2步：开头段基本句式,1. information e.g. The chart/graph provides/presents the information/data about. . 2. compare+名词 e.g. The chart compares. . 3. show/illustrate +名词 e.g. The chart shows the

7、changes in. . 4. how+宾语从句 e.g. The chart/graph shows/illustrates how. . changed/varied. . （How 引导的名词性从句后面一定要加完整的句子) 5. that+宾语从句：粗略的描述总体趋势 e.g. The chart/graph shows/reveals/indicates/suggests that. .,开头段简单换词,graph （图表、曲线图） chart (图表) = diagram = shows (v.) = information = the number of = the propor

8、tion of = poeple in the USA= how to produce= in three countries= 表达（一段时间) 例如：从1999到2009年,=line graph,bar chart，pie chart，flow chart,From 1999 to 2009 = between 1999 and 2009 = over a period of 10 years =over the period from 1999 to 2009 = during the period between 1999 and 2009,in the UK, France and

9、 Spain,the process of producing,Americans,the percentage of = the figure for,the figure for,data,illustrates,figure （流程图）= flow chart,练习: 开头段改写,练习: 开头段改写,The graph provides the information about the amounts of goods transported in the United Kindom by four means of transport over the period from 197

10、4 to 2000. The line graph compares the quantities of goods transported in the United Kindom by four types of transport from 1974 to 2000. The graph illustrates the quantities of goods transported in the United Kingdom by four means of transport from 1974 to 2002. The graph illustrates (how the quant

11、ities of goods transported by four means of transport had changed) in the United Kingdom over a period of nearly 30 years. 注意: 从句的完整性,练习: 开头段改写,The following table presents some information about consumer spending on three items in five different countries in 2002. The table shows percentages of con

12、sumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002.,练习: 开头段改写,The bar chart compares different age groups in terms of internet usage between 2003 and 2006.,练习: 开头段改写,法一：The two pie charts demonstrate the situation of overseas travel by Indians in terms of four

13、destinations and age groups respectively. 法二：The first pie chart depicts the information about the number of Indians travelling to different countries, and the second one illustrates the figure for India travellers by different age groups.,练习: 开头段改写-流程图,The diagram below shows the process by which b

14、ricks are manufactured for the building industry.,brick manufacturing,法二：The diagram shows how the bricks are produced in seven steps for the building purposes.,法一：The diagram shows the process of brick manufacturing in seven steps for the building purposes.,Chorleywood is a village near London whos

15、e population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.,练习: 开头段改写-地图,方法一：The map shows the changes and development of Chorleywood village in Great Britain over a period of 126 years from 1868 to 1994. 方法二：The map illustrates

16、 the changes in an area called Chorleywood during the period from 1868 to 1994.,小作文完成步骤-图表（线/柱/表/饼图）,第一步：审题 第二步：开头段（改写题目） 第三步：完成主体部分 第四步：结尾段,第3步 主体部分动态图必备8个句型,1. The figure of . increased/decreased. 2. There be 句型 3. see/witness 4. 分词结构 5. 用after which, during which time, by which time,when, where引导

17、的定语从句 6. 用while/whereas/although 引导的状语从句，或者but引导的并列句 7. 倍数 8. 比较级和最高级,（图表类）必备句式,基本句型1：The figure of . increased rapidly from to during the period from to .,注意：表示上升和下降的单词一般都是不及物动词，没有被动语态。,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型1：The number of population increased considerably to 15 million during the period between 2000 t

18、o 2010.,（图表类）必备句式,基本句型2：There be句型,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型2： There was a marked increase in the population from 2000 to 2010. There was a downward/an opposite trend in the population in the following five years.,（图表类）必备句式,基本句型3：see/witness,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型3：In terms of the population of M-city, the perio

19、d from 2000 to 2010 witnessed/saw a significant increase with the figure rising from 5 million at the very start to 15 eventually.,补充知识-see的使用,21世纪初中国房价大幅上升。 China： China saw a dramtic increase in house prices in the 2000s. The 2000s The 2000s saw a dramatic increase in house prices in China. The re

20、al estate industry of China The real estate industry of China saw house prices increase dramtically in the 2000s.,（图表类）必备句式,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型4：The number of population nearly tripled, rising from five million to fifteen million in 2010. The population rose to fifteen million in 2010, before declinin

21、g to ten million in 2015.,（图表类）必备句式- 定语从句,基本句型5：after which，during which time，by which time，when，where引导定语从句 e.g. The population rose to four million in 2010, after which it declined to three million in 2012. e.g. The volume of fruit sales remained constant until 2010, when the figure rose markedly.

22、 水果销售额一致保持到2010。在那一年，销售额急速上升。,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型5：The population rose to fifteen million in 2010, after which it declined to ten million in 2015.,（图表类）必备句式- 状语从句,基本句型6：whereas/while/although引导状语从句 e.g. The volume of fruit sales amounted to the peak in August whereas it hit the trough in November. 水果的

23、销量在8月份达到高峰，然而在11月触到最低值。 注意：用while和whereas时，注意两个单句的结构一致。 e.g. Although men outnumbered women in science, this number was declined. 虽然读科学的男生比女生多，（但是）这个数字在下降,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型6：The number of population amounted to the peak in 2010 whereas it declined to 10million in 2015.,（图表类）必备句式- 倍数,基本句型7：times twic

24、e/xx times as much as .; twice/ xx times the figure for ; twice/xx times higher than ; e.g. 2010年，娱乐的花费是书的花费的三倍。 The spending on entertainment was three times as much as that on books in 2010. The spending on entertainment was 5000 dollars, three times the figure for books. The spending on entertain

25、ment was three times higher than that on books. 注意比较对象要一致 fold e.g. 芬兰老龄化人口增长了近三倍。 基本句型1 The number of aging population of Finland increased nearly three fold. 基本句型3 The number of aging population of Finland saw a three-fold increase.,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型7：The number of population in 2010 was three tim

26、es as much as the figure in 2000. The number of population of M-city increased nearly three fold in 2010.,（图表类）必备句式 - 比较级、最高级,基本句型8：比较级、最高级 e.g. 同芬兰的老龄化人口相比，日本的老龄化人口数量高出很多。 Compared with the number of aging population of Finland, that of Japan was considerably higher. e.g. 日本的老龄化人口数量是最多的。 The number

27、 of aging population of Japan was highest.,注意：比较级易犯错误是“比较对象不一致” 错误句子：The volume of fruit sales was approaching five tonnes in 2014, much higher than 2013.,正确句子：The volume of fruit sales was approaching five tonnes in 2014, much higher than the figure in 2013.,M-city 人口变化图,基本句型8：The number of populat

28、ion of M-city in 2010 was highest.,图表类小作文最常见错误,例：The unemployment rate in the UK rose by 2% between 2008 and 2009, whereas Canada decreased by about 1%. The USA was the highest, at just over 4%. 错误1：Canada decreased 错误2：The USA was the highest,改正：The unemployment rate in the UK rose by 2% between 20

29、08 and 2009, whereas in Canada it decreased by about 1%. The USA saw the highest rise in employment, with an increase of just over 4%.,静态图注重对比,注意句式的变换： 基本句式6：while引导的状语从句，有时候也可以用but并列连词连接 基本句式7：倍数的表达 基本句式8：比较级、最高级的使用 其它：使用in comparison with, compared with/to,补充词汇,保持不变 波动、变化 达到v. 超过v. 占据v. 反弹n. 高峰n. 达到最高点v. 低谷n.,remain constant; maintain stable; level off; stabilise at; reach a plateau; plateau; (在底部保持不变: bottom out),v. fluctuate；vary；change； n. fluctuation; variation; change,reach；hit；amount to；arrive at；stand at；,exceed；overtake；o