英汉比较(英汉十大结构性差异)

1、英汉比较,Ten Structural Differences Between English and Chinese,1.综合性与分析性synthetic vs analytic,英语属综合语，其标志为此的曲折变化形式；汉语为分析性语言，靠助词（如“着”、“了”、“过”等）及副词来体现时态、时体等句法关系。 e.g. He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of his power. 他被剥夺了权利之后，只好离职，去异国流亡。,Synthetic language(综合性为主语言): char

2、acterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected (屈折) forms Inflected Forms(词本身的形态屈折变化): Tenses(时态): present, past, future, present perfect, ect Gender(性): masculine, feminine, neutral Voice(语态): passive, active Number(数): singularVS plural; countable VS uncountable Mood(语气): subjuctive mood De

3、gree of comparison(比较级、最高级) Parts of speech(词性),Analytic language(分析性为主语言): characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. Function words (功能词): Auxiliary verbs (辅助动词): Changes i

4、n words order (改变词序): 我要学；要我学；要学我 Particles (助词): 着、了、得、地、过,2.聚集与流散compact vs. diffusive,英语句式紧密,有大量的连词、介词在句与句之间衔接，少用动词；汉语句式松散，句与句之间常没有连接成分，惯用动词和短句。 e.g. Marys kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friends callous behavior. 玛丽心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。,3.形合与意合hypotactic vs. parata

5、ctic,英语的各类语句的关系靠严密的句法来衔接，井然有序，多用意思连接的累积的分句或独立分句；汉语的句式不靠句法上的衔接，主要靠内在的逻辑关系，讲究“不言而喻”。 e.g. Let everybody share the food if there is any. 有饭大家吃。,4.繁复与简明complex vs. simplex,英语句子讲究长而复杂；汉语句子讲究短而简练。 e.g. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the

6、 intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观：穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人。当时大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子平民窟。,5.物称与人称impersonal vs. personal,英语多用非人称词类作主语；汉语多用人称代词作主语。 e.g. Excitement depri

7、ved me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得说不出话来。,6.被动与主动passive vs. active,英语好用被动语态；汉语多用主动结构（包括主动句和自动句）。 e.g. Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America. 中美已经建立了外交关系。,7.静态与动态 static vs. dynamic,英语多用静态表达；汉语多用动态表达。 e.g. My little brother is a better teacher t

8、han I. 我的小弟弟比我教得好。,8.抽象与具体abstract vs. concrete,英语多用抽象概念；汉语多用具体措辞。 e.g. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 一看到那棵大树，我就会想到童年的情景。,9.间接与直接indirect vs. direct,英语多用间接肯定、否定；汉语多用直接肯定、否定。 e.g. He cant see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。,10.英语前重心与汉语后重心,英语头重脚轻，先总结，再加以阐述 汉语句首开放，句尾封闭。 e.g.

9、 I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样迅速地进行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。,Exercises 1,My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。 The thick carpet killed th

10、e sound of my footsteps. Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.,My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. 凭良心讲，如此礼貌有加，我真受之有愧。 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。 She was asked ten questions in the

11、oral examination and answered every one of them correctly.,The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. 一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是倾慕的根源。,Exercise 2,I had experienced oxygen a