外语学科学术研究的特点与论文写作

1、Research Methods,From holistic research to partial studies Synthetic approach vs analytic approach,holistic research to partial studies 综合法 分析法 整体 部分 整体观 成分观 面向内部结构 面向外部结构 了解过程 了解结果,Inductive approach Vs Deductive approach Examples for these,Inductive approach vs Deductive approach 归纳法 -演绎法 1.以数据为出发

2、点 以假设为出发点 2.没有事先形成的看法 进行预示 3.可以生成假设 检验假设 4.成果:描述或提出假设 成果: 理论,Qualitative approach定性 Vs Quantitative approach定量 What are they?,Once upon a time, an extraterrestrial 外星人 paid a visit to a big city in China. Dwelling Narrowness,Qualitative approach includes Observation participant参与者 It inc interview,

3、taperecording,diary,camera shooting，video no- participant observation（judge in a contest） Verbal reporting 口头自述 Eg, at that time,I was just going home Questionnaire ; data analysis.etc,蜗居,Quantitative approach 1. statistical method (random sampling) Rocktea to whitemouse,2. experimental method Exper

4、imental group vs controlling group,Variables (independent variable vs dependent variable) Method as iv While scores, performance as dv Moderate variable (more time for learning) Control variable as (same teacher, and book),Qualitative approach quantitative approach Participation to acquire experienc

5、e experience to acquire data 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会 现象的因果关系 了解就是移情 了解要保持距离 依赖定性数据 依赖定量数据,Research a systematic process of inquiry：,1）a question, problem, or hypothesis 2) data; 3) analysis and interpretation of data.,创新的几个要素,新问题 新材料 新数据 新方法 新观点 新理论,1. 确定方向、选好课题,有价值、有持续发展的可能 符合自己的兴趣爱好 自己力所

6、能及,两种不同目的的研究,（1）用国外理论解决中国（中文）的问题 （2）用中国（中文）的事实解决国际学术领域的问题,6. 理论联系实际,教学理论：联系教学实际 语言理论：联系语言实际 文学理论：联系具体作家、文本和作品 翻译理论：联系具体译作 应用英语：联系实际工作、业务； 业务素质、能力等,2. 论文题目的确定,大处着眼，小处入手 题目尽量反映具体的研究内容和方法,例：Classroom Interactive Practices for Developing L2 Literacy: A Microethnographic Study of Two Beginning Adult Lear

7、ners of English,A New Approach to Assessing Strategic Learning: The Case of Self-Regulation in Vocabulary Acquisition The Role of Formulaic Language in Second Language Acquisition: A Review The Construction of Stance in Reporting Clauses: A Cross-disciplinary Study of Theses,3. 摘要的撰写,例1:,Abstract: T

8、hree components of SLA research, input/output, internal/external factors and interlanguage system, have close relation with cognitive linguistics, and doing research on the process of SLA perspectives is of guiding improtance and of practical value to SLA and college English teaching.,例2： Modelling

9、Learning Difficulty and Second Language Proficiency: The Differential Contributions of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge Rod Ellis University of Auckland,This article re-examines the question of what makes some grammatical structures more difficult to learn than others, arguing that this question can

10、only be properly understood and investigated with reference to the distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language. Using a battery of tests that were designed to measure implicit and explicit L2 grammatical knowledge of seventeen grammatical structures (Ellis 2005), learnin

11、g difficulty in relation to these two types of knowledge was investigated.,The results showed that structures that were easy in terms of implicit knowledge were often difficult in terms of explicit knowledge and sometimes vice versa and that, overall, there was no correlation between the rank orders

12、 of difficulty of seventeen grammatical structures for the two types of knowledge. A correlational analysis showed that the structures varied as to whether it was implicit or explicit knowledge of them that was related to a measure of general language proficiency. A regression analysis demonstrated

13、that both types of knowledge predict general language proficiency.,例3： The “you (have)” Construction in Chinese: a Cognitive Analysis,In Chinese, the “you (have) + (neutral) n.” construction can be used as an adjective denoting positive degrees or properties. For example, (1) Li xiaojie you liandan，

14、you shencai. Ms Li has face has body. Ms Li has a beautiful face and a good figure.,Previous researches (Zhang, 2002, Shi, 2004) have found that not all nouns used in this construction can lead to an adjectival interpretation. Shi (2004) points out that the noun in this construction refers to a soci

15、al average, and the whole construction means something like “having something better (or more) than average”. For example, “you liandan”(have a face) actually means “having a better than average face”, or “looking pretty”.,But what special semantic properties do the nouns used in the constructions h

16、ave? Why do such constructions usually suggest a positive (or better-than- average) interpretation? What are the cognitive bases for the interpretation? What have prompted the speaker to use a construction like this instead of explicitly using a positive adjective before the noun? These are the ques

17、tions the present paper tries to focus on from a cognitive perspective.,Using data from “A dictionary of Modern Chinese”(2005), the author finds that nouns that can be used in this construction are restricted in number and have the following properties: (1) having to do with body parts, e.g.: 三围(thr

18、ee measurements: the bosom, the waist and the bottom); 脸蛋(face),脑袋(head),身材(figure),胸脯(bosom),etc;（2）denoting human properties, e.g.: 地位(position),见解(opinion),价值观(value),觉悟(consciousness),礼数(manners),力气(strength),品格(personality),etc;（3）measurements and quantity, e.g.:尺度(measurements),水平(level),年纪(ag

19、e),etc.,These nouns are neutral with respect to the degrees of the measurements or quantities (social average), but when used in the “you” (have) construction denoting possession, they imply a special degree, usually a positive one, or a better-than-average value. I argue that the positive interpret

20、ation of this type of “you” construction is the result of an interaction between the construction and the noun in question. As the nouns mostly denote properties that people desire, they normally lead to a positive interpretation when used with “you” (have).,Cognitively speaking, by making some comm

21、on property a salient ,prominent possession of someone concerned, the property immediately becomes the figure and the properties that other (average) people have become the background. The figure thus achieves special prominence in contrast to the background average. Using a neutral noun in the “you

22、 construction” and omitting a positive adjective increases cognitive processing effort but achieves the effect of brevity, indirectness and fuzziness. Such constructions are also used very often in parallels for rhythm and forcefulness.,修改意见,Thanks for this, and apologies for the delay. Let me say s

23、ome things about the abstract, that I hope are useful.On your title, I think I would say The you (have) construction in Chinese. I think I would also add a Chinese character and a number superscript on you to indicate the tone. That, to my eyes, would make it look a little more serious.,First line,

24、I would change the scare quotes. Id say something like the you (have) + (neutral) n . etc. (Same point as for title, really.)In example (1), I would embellish the Chinese sentence with tones and characters, just to make it look more serious.Change Previous researches to Previous research and have to

25、 hasSame remarks for you example in the last line of this paragraph.,Typically, one doesnt put questions in an abstract. I dont know whether I am old fashioned but it seems to me that abstracts should only contain declaratives. Maybe you could find an alternative way of expressing paragraph two.,The

26、se are just a few thoughts about the abstract. I think abstracts are incredibly hard things to write and they always take me days and days to get right. I think abstract readers (selection committees) like precise examples so that they can see the general drift of the analysis, if not the analysis i

27、tself, and personally I like abstracts that contain material that challenges some significant piece of theory, that is, that do not just present descriptions of things. Its nice to have a good argument sometimes.,4. 关键词的选择,社科学术论文中关键词的标引 关键词 关键词 ; 关键词标引 ; 规范标引 The Mark of Key Wordsin Social Academic Articles Key words key words; the mark of key words; criterion 马克思劳动价值论争 50 年 (王璐 ,思想战线, 200516), 关键词 : 马克思 ; 劳动；价值观 ; 争论,:经 济 学 怎 样 成 了 一 门 “数 学 科学” 经济思想史的一种简要考察 (贾根良 、徐尚 , 南开学报 哲社版 , 200515), 关键词 :数学形式主义 ; 数学 ; 本位论 ; 实在论,例1：,第二代