英语句子成分及练习

1、.,句子成分 Member of a sentence,.,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语（subject）、,谓语（predicate）、,表语（predicative）、,宾语（object）、,定语（attribute）、,状语(adverbial),补语（complement）。,.,主语 S,主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表

2、示。例如：,.,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,

3、（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,.,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,.,谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The pla

4、ne took off at ten oclock.,.,2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,.,表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,.,1.Our teacher of En

5、glish is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours?（代词） 3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词） 4.The speech is exciting.（分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,.,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is o

6、ver.（副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如：He always keep silent at meeting.,.,3）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind

7、 of cloth feels very soft. 4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. 除此之外，还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.,.,宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday. 2

8、.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,.,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词

9、化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,.,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） Lend me your dictionary, please. He sent the novel to William yesterday. She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补） They elected him their monitor.,.,宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物

10、动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,.,1.His father named him Liu Ming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our cit

11、y what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,.,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made

12、us surprised.（代词）,.,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语） 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句),.,状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整

13、个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,.,4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.On

14、ce you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,.,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（

15、原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,.,5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old. 9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,.,同位语（Apposi

16、tive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. We students should study hard. We all are students. 插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,.,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各

17、种英语句子结构的基础。,1： （主谓） 2： （主系表） 3： （主谓宾） 4： （主谓间宾直宾） 5： （主谓宾宾补）,., （不及物动词）,1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词， 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,., （是系动词） （表语）,1. This is an English-C

18、hinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,.,基本句型 三： （主谓宾）,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,., （及物动词） （宾语）,1. Who k

19、nows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,.,基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please.,., （及物） （多指人） （多指物）,

20、She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,.,基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,., （及物） （宾语） （宾补）,1. They painted the door g

21、reen. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus.,.,a， b， c， d， e， ,1，Pleas tell us a story._ 2, She smiled._ 3. I have a lot work to do._ 4. His job is to train swimmers._ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. Pl

22、ease look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,.,练习,（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Ad

23、verbial,Attribute,Adverbial,Adverbial,.,6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12.

24、Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,.,14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your addr

25、ess? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,.,指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分： On the left of my house is

26、an old church. Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain? 3. I am not going to work today. 4. This thing is for peeling potatoes. 5.What time will you arrive? 6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich. 7. What nationali

27、ty are you?,S.,S.,V.,Prep.O.,Adv.,O.C.,Predicative,.,8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information. 10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then. 11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights. 12. Ill be able to pass my driving test

28、after I have had a few lessons. 13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.,Adverbial,V.,O.C.,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,.,(二)。划分句子成分 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow . 5.The rain has be

29、en pulling down for a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone . 8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .,.,9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed . 10.He gave his son some advice on reading . 11.Rea

30、d me the first paragraph . 12.Ive ordered some soup for you . 13.He began leaning English ten years ago . 14.My being late worried my teacher . 15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us . 16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .,.,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit . 18.I found the book in the