计算机专业英语基础知识

1、.,专业英语知识补充,.,本章学习要点,专业英语与公共英语 阅读 翻译 专业英语的特点 计算机专业英语中词汇 专业英语的重要结构与语法重点,.,专业英语与公共英语的区别,专业英语=公共英语+专业词汇 阅读 精读（intensive reading）泛读（extensive reading） 重点在于掌握重要的关键性的知识段，了解和熟悉某个 问题（专题或论点），对于不重要的部分一带而过。所以需 要一定的阅读能力，既要读得懂，也要读得快。 理解比速度更重要 专业英语阅读中必须注意词汇的含义,.,翻译 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言表示的 内容准确无误地重新表达出来，翻译不是原文的翻版或者复制，从某种

2、意义上来说是原文的再创作。 翻译要求基于阅读，但高于阅读。 翻译要做到 “信、达、雅”,.,专业英语的特点,专业英语的专业性 专业性主要体现在它的专业内容和特殊专业词汇。 catch a crab Milky Way pull ones leg burn a hole in ones pocket,.,e.g.1 公共英语词汇的特殊应用 * There is no if in the case. * I know the ins and outs of the questions. * The past years have produced only the bits and pieces

3、for future system whose forms of implementation are still uncertain.,.,e.g.2 词汇的多义性 * Transistor is a current-operated device. * The relay is operated by a current of mA. * This circuit is operated from battery. * The patient was operated by surgeon. * Programmer is operating the computer. e.g.3 公共词

4、汇的专业性 bus , bridge , router , thread , semaphore,.,专业英语的客观性 专业英语文体在很多情况下是对某个科技产品和科技技术，为了表示一种公 允性和客观性，往往在句子结构上采用被动语态（passive）描述，即以被描述 者为主体，或者以第三者的身份介绍文章要点和内容。 e.g.1 The processing method of the program giving details of products distance and direction is discussed. e.g.2 Production cost saving due to

5、 reduced system down-time using the new techniques are indicated.,.,专业英语的实义性 在应用领域中，专业英语体现了一种实义性，也就是 说，从专业的角度，只要能够说明问题，阐述中心意思， 在某种特殊文体结构上，用词节省、句子紧凑精炼、采用 实义词汇而不拘泥于完整语法。常采用不定式短语、分词 短语、介词短语动名词短语等，作者力图用最少的语言表 达尽可能多的意思。,.,计算机专业英语中的词汇,专业词汇的构成 一、派生词（derivation） 1. 前缀（改变词义，不改变词性，置 于词根之前） multi- hyper- super

6、- inter- micro- tele- 2. 后缀（改变词性，改变词义/词类） -scope -meter -graph -able -ware -ity,.,二、复合词（compounding） 复合词的实例有： -based -centric -oriented -free info- 其他 point-to-point plug-and-play easy-to-use off-the-shelf peer-to-peer leading-edge,.,point-and-click drag-and-drop line-by-line store-and-forward over-

7、hyped operator-controlable end-user front-user sign-on sign-off pull-down push-up pop-up,.,三、混成词（blending） brunch smog codec compuser syscall e.g Globull. Knowledgeabull. Expandabull. Reliabull.,.,四、缩略词（shortening） 缩略词是将较长的英语单词取其首部或者主干构成与原 词同义的短单词，或者将组成词汇短语的各个单词的首字母 拼接为一个大写字母的字符串。 1. 压缩和省略（将某些太长、难拼难

8、记、使用频繁的单 词压缩成一个短小的单词，或取其头部、或取其关键音节） flu =influenza lab = laboratory iff = ? math =mathematics,.,2. 缩写（将某些词组和单词集合中每个实意单词的第一或者首 部几个字母重新组合，组成为一个新的词汇，作为专门词汇使用。 在应用中形成三种类型） （1）通常以小写字母出现，并作为常规单词 radar (radio detecting and ranging) laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ) （2）以大写字母出现

9、，具有主体发音音节 BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language) （3）以大写字母出现，没有读音音节，仅为字母头缩写 PCB (Process Control Block) 进程控制块 DBMS (DataBase Management System) 数据库管理系统,.,五、借用词（borrowing） 借用词一般来自厂商名、商标名、产品代号名、发明者名、地名 等，也通过将普通公共英语词汇演变成专业词意而实现。有的则是将 原来已经有的词

10、汇赋予新的含义。 flag cache firewall mailbomb e.g.1 When these father computers seemed to reach a plateau , his son was born, the transistor-type. e.g.2 A binary tree is similar to a tree in which every node has 0,1,or 2 children. But whereas a node of a tree could have “only a first child” but not “only a

11、scond child” , a single child of a node of a binary tree is designated as being either the left (first) child or the right (second) child.,.,专用术语与词组,专用的软件名称 Access Java Ethernet Excel 专用计算机厂商及商标名 Panasonic DELL Epson ASUS Intel 计算机专用命令和指令 CD RD DIR MD 网络操作专用缩写术语 BTW CU FAQ WB IMHO,.,科技英语的重要结构与语法重点,否

12、定结构的理解与翻译 一、对具有否定意义的构词前缀的理解 e.g.1 * He was a nonperson in the sight of them. * System manager unloads the operating system.,.,e.g.2 dislike unlike unlikely disinterested uninterested invaluable valueless priceless incorrect uncorrect e.g.3 decompile disassemble 二、一般否定（15种时态的否定形式）,.,三、全否定与部分否定 用于全否定概

13、念的词汇 用于部分否定概念的词汇 no (not), none, no one, all, both, every, always, much, never, nobody, nothing, many, often + not nowhere, neithernor e.g.1 He is not a fool. He is no fool. e.g.2 Everything is not correct. Nothing is correct.,.,e.g.3 I dont remember all the formulas. I dont remember any of these fo

14、rmulas. e.g.4 All these chips are not digital IC. None of these chip are digital IC. e.g.5 Both of us didnt go there. Neither of us went there.,.,下面的例句表示了否定的程度： I dont have much experience in C programming. I have a little experience in C programming. I have little experience in C programming. I hav

15、e no experience in C programming. I have much experience in C programming. I have not a little experience in C programming.,.,四、双重否定 e.g.1 There is no grammatical rule that has not exceptions. e.g.2 If not unreasonable, you may get it. e.g.3 ( 否定词+ too + adj. ) ( 否定词+ tooto ) You cannot be too caref

16、ul in checking program. This computer is not too complicated for us to assembly. e.g.4 (否定词+比较级 ) I couldnt agree more.,.,五、其他否定 * Signals will fail to reach the threshold. * He must have missed the instructions on the computer. * This paper lacks detail. * It was not realized due to lack of time. * Failure to do these could be catastrophic for the users. * It is free of jumpers. * Performance was short of the program goals. * It is hardly right. * This is anything but a new-type computer. * The engineers could do little for this fault. * Few person knows h