英语语法 14 悬垂分词

1、.,Dangling participle,1. “attachment rule” and “dangling participle” 2. problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”,.,attachment rule” and “dangling participle”,When an ing or ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifi

2、able with the subject or other element of the main clause. It is through this relationship that the participle construction is “attached” to the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”.,.,attachment rule” and “dangling participle”,e.g. Sitting at the back as we were, we couldnt hear a wo

3、rd. He was hurt by a stone dropped from the roof. Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in a “dangling participle” e.g. Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. Being dark, we had to go back.,.,problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”,Linguists are divided in opinion abo

4、ut the acceptability of “dangling participles”. Prescriptive grammarians condemn all “dangling” consructions, while descriptive linguists take a more liberal point of view. “Dangling” constructions should not be regarded as objectionable indescriminately.,.,problems about the acceptability of “dangl

5、ing participles”,These constructions are frequently found in formal scientific writing, in which it is general practice to avoid using personal subjects. In formal style, so long as they do not cause ambiguity or confusion in meaning, “dangling participles” should also be viewed as normal and accept

6、able.,.,problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”,Only “dangling” constructions are objectionable or unacceptable that cause ambiguity or suggest aburd interpretations. Form pedagogical point of view, however, beginners in English should not be encouraged to use “dangling” construct

7、ions unless in scientific writing.,.,problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”,Now assess the following: When installing a boiler, the floor space which is available is very important. Using the electricity energy, it is necessary to change its form. Having been deserted by his guid

8、e, there seemed little hope that the explorer would find his way through the jungle.,.,problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”,Now assess the following: When driving carelessly, it is easy to have an accident. Standing on the church tower, the whole village could be seen. Having e

9、aten our lunch, the car pushed its way through the tortuous canyon.,.,Conclusion on participle,分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1） The first textbook _ for teaching English as

10、a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written,.,Conclusion on participle,2）Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。

11、spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：Whats the language （which is） spoken in German?,.,Conclusion on participle,分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave hi

12、m a call. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.,.,Conclusion on participle,典型例题 1）_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B.

13、 Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.,.,Conclusion on participle,典型例题 2）There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B.

14、 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。,.,Conclusion on participle,典型例题 3）_, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，,.,Conclusion on participle,注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关

15、键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。,.,Conclusion on participle,连词+分词（短语） 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如： While wai

16、ting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）,.,Conclusion on participle,分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all th

17、ings into consideration全面看来,.,Conclusion on participle,例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）,.,Conclusion on participle,独立主格 独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式； 名词（代词） +

18、介词短语构成。,.,Conclusion on participle,独立主格 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,.,Conclusion on participle,独立主格 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。,.,Conclusion on participle,独立主格 The meeting gone o