现代大学英语精读 4 第二版 Unit3 Groundless_Beliefs.ppt

1、,Groundless Beliefs,A. E. Mander,Groundless Beliefs,Unit 3,Questions / Activities,Check-on Preview,Objectives,W,B,T,R,Warming up,Groundless Beliefs,Unit 3,Warming up,Questions / Activities,Are carrots a rabbits favorite? How do you know?,W,B,T,R,Aristotle vs. Galileos,Lesson 6 Groundless Beliefs,Why

2、 was Galileo able to prove Aristotle wrong? What lesson shall we learn from Galileos experiment?,Warming up,Questions / Activities,What are the words used by the author in referring to groundless “beliefs”? - propositions, assumptions, dogma, opinion According to the author where do these beliefs co

3、me from? - from other people: family, friends, media, tradition, interest groups, etc. Why do we tend to accept these beliefs? - “suggestion”, self-interest, sentimental associations, Fashion Why do we have to be on guard against them? - most of them are irrational; they are _ rather than thought. -

4、 once they become so s_ in they prevent us from accepting new ideas.,Check-on Preview,Warming up,Objectives,Call attention to groundless beliefs Understand the causes of groundless beliefs Discuss the importance of inquisition Consider the strategies against groundless beliefs Encourage students to

5、actively identify groundless beliefs in life Appreciate the logic structure,W,B,T,R,Warming up,Background,Author,B,W,T,R,Groundless Beliefs,Unit 3,A. E. Mander (18941985) A well-published Australian scholar.,Background,Author,His Life and Works,Books Logic for the millions Clearer thinking (logic fo

6、r everyman) The making of the Australians Our sham democracy Psychology for everyman (and woman) Clearer thinking; logic for everyday use Public enemy, the press Alarming Australia,Quotations from Manders book,The trouble with most folks is not so much their ignorance, as their knowing so many thing

7、s which aint so. - Josh Billings He who cannot reason is a fool; he who will not is a bigot; he who dare not is a slave. -W. Drummond,Background,Author,Text Analysis,T,W,B,R,Groundless Beliefs,Unit 3,Text Analysis,Theme,Understand the sources of groundless beliefs Develop the alert to groundless bel

8、iefs Emphasize the importance of a curious, inquiring mind Discuss how to develop such a mind,T,W,B,R,The Introduction (para. 1): Prevalence of groundless beliefs II.The body (paras. 224): Types/Causes of groundless beliefs Result of environment in early life. (paras. 23) Parroting. (paras. 413) Sel

9、f-interest (paras. 1417) Sentimental associations (paras. 1819) Fashion (paras. 2024) III.The conclusion (para. 25): The writers praise of rational thinkers,Text Analysis,Structure,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Main Idea,Sentence Paraphrase,Words it rests upon education, at least to the same exten

10、t. 我们明确地知道，人的生命从何时开始。(a shadow of) We know, without a shadow of a doubt, when human life begins。,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Part II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224) Section 1. Result of environment in early life. (paras. 23),How can a simple “suggestion” become a “belief”? uncri

11、tically we accepted and believed it. we didnt have the power of questioning. How shall we deal with the beliefs developed in early childhood?,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Roman Catholic In order to be saved, all persons who have attained the use of reason must believe explicitly that God exists a

12、nd that he rewards the good and punishes the wicked. The Church is the congregation of all baptized persons, under the authority of the Sovereign Pontiff and the bishops in communion with him. We find the chief truths taught by Jesus Christ through the Catholic Church in the Apostles Creed.,Presbyte

13、rian We believe that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, and we shall trust in Him, alone, for salvation. We believe the Bible is the revelation of Gods truth and is infallible and authoritative in all matters of faith and practice. We believe that all are sinners and totally unable to save them

14、selves from Gods displeasure, except by His mercy.,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Part II: Words and all conflicting ideas seem to us “obviously” absurd? What propositions should we treat with caution? Old propositions Obvious truths,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Progress in human thought seems t

15、o consist mainly in getting rid of such ideas.,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Part II: Sentence Paraphrase,When we find ourselves entertaining an opinion about which there is a feeling that even to enquire into it would be absurd, unnecessary, undesirable, or wickedwe may know that that opinion is

16、a non-rational one. (para. 7),allow yourself to consider it as possible or as worth thinking about seriously,Another common mistake we make is to judge opinions according to our feelings. An opinion is true because it is true, not because we like it or find it desirable or useful. In fact, truth can

17、 often be unpleasant or painful whereas untruth can be soothing and attractive.,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Part III: Words The habit of parroting; Self-interest; Sentimental association; Fashion. What words should we watch out for so as to minimize the influence of groundless beliefs? Naturally Obviously By nature Inevitable ,R,W,B,T,Reinforcement