概要写作篇ppt课件.ppt

1、概要写作篇,1,概要写作是基于原文主要内容和主要观点，不能添加自己的任何观点。“60词左右”要求文章精炼，简洁。“内容概要”指文章重要内容的大概归纳，与主题关系不大的细枝末节不需要出现在文章概要中。,2,3. Recently when I saw how 5-year-old Joshua was praised by his parents for doing an easy thing for his age, I realized his parents too praise was the cause of his problems in school.,2. For a long

2、time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.,3,1. 本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。 2. 评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其 所属档次，然后以该档次的要去来衡量、确定或调 整档次，最后给分。 3. 词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。 4. 评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑 . 5. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评 分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 6

3、. 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。,新题型 新要求,4,评分时，主要考虑： 对原文要点的理解和呈 现情况； 应用语法结构和词汇的 准确性； 上下文的连贯性； 对各要点表达的独立性 情况。,新题型 新要求,5,习作A的问题分析：(从要点提取。独立表达等方面分析习作A中存在的问题) 未能涵盖文章的全部要点，尤其是未包括文章的主题句(There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.) 文章围绕主题句呈现不同时期，不同人对待污垢的不同观点，主题句是概要中最为重要的内容，不可或缺。 2. 该同学几乎没有进行独立表达，而是摘抄原文中的句子。,6

4、,习作B的问题分析：（从词汇，语法的准确性及上下文的连贯性等方面分析习作B中存在的问题） 语言，语法结构错误较多。如主谓一致与时态错误；非谓语动词错误。 2. 行文不连贯。第3.4两句Since the 18th century, people have changed the idea. They use clean water and wash hand to prevent disease. 未提到dirt， 与第1句存在着一定的信息差。此外，句与句之间缺乏有效的衔接，仅有2.3两句中间使用了有连接作用的时间状语。,7,There is no fixed opinion towards

5、dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can

6、 keep us healthy. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4),8,概要写作微技能训练,9,一. 读出全文主旨大意 二.读出文体与结构,10,文体分类： 说明文 议论文 说明和议论性文章最常见的结构是： 总分式和递进/并列式,11,概要写作的主要问题或困难,新题型 新要求,According to the PAI, about 30% of the worlds people are suffering lack of

7、water, who mostly live in 28 countries. Whats worse, the population there is increasing. As we know, lacking water can lead to several problems, from health problems to international conflicts. The study offers solutions such as teaching people not to waste, using water in more ways. But the long-te

8、rm one is to control population growth. (68 words),12,问题： PAI写不写？ Whats worse, As we know: 30% are suffering： 对策少了1个 The long-term one is to: 改成a long-term one is to：,写了也不知道是什么,原文不是这种承接,主观表达，不客观,文中对现在与将来的描述，哪个更重要,不应该处理成例子，应该写全,因为原文是include,13,results: health problems, international conflicts, econom

9、ic recession solutions: reuse water, save water, reduce water use in agriculture, control population,A new study warns that about 30% of the worlds people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private American organization called Population Action International （PAI）did the new study. It say

10、s more than 335 million people, who mostly live in 28 countries, are lack of enough water now. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East. PAI researcher Robert Engelman says that by the year 2025, about 3,000 million people are to be short of water. At least 18 countries are expected to

11、 have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on the Earth stays the same. Mr. Engelman says the population in the countries that lack water is growing faster than that in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will contin

12、ue to increase.,problem: by 2025 about 30% of the worlds people be short of water most of them in the countries where population grows fast,A new study shows that by 2025 about 30% of the world population will be short of water, due in part to population increase. This may lead to health problems, i

13、nternational conflicts and economic recession. To solve the problem, people are advised to find ways to reuse water, save water, reduce water use in agriculture and even control population growth. (60 words),14,三. 读出段落大意,15,对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 理解是否准确？ 准确理解并区分要点与非要点 准确理解要点的含义 是否包括全部要点？ 是否含有非要点或其它？ 对各要点表达的

14、独立性情况。 是否使用自己的语言？ 使用自己语言的程度？ 使用自己语言的准确度（含义、语法等）？ 使用自己语言的简要度？,新要求 新问题,Identifying the main point or important information in a piece of discourse Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details Extracting salient points to summarize (the text, an idea etc.),16,Sometimes you can tell if a person

15、is lying by observing what they do with their body.,17,以下哪个段落大意比较合理： A: Why has English changed over time? B: All languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. C. English changes as its culture meets and communicates with that of another,18,What are some of the pro

16、blems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crop

17、s and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. T

18、hey may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.,What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers?,How to tell main points from unimportant ones,What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land by killing

19、the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up

20、in peoples bodies over time. Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins

21、and minerals.,19, Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. Many of these

22、 chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.,The features（特点）of main points: most directly related to the topic sentence/word(s) （与主题句/词的直接关系） repeated（复现：原词、代词、同/近/反义词、上下义词、其他相关词） logically highlighted （逻辑上的突出）,How to tell main points from unimportant ones,First, they damage the land by killin

23、g the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also _ _.,affect humans health by staying in the ground, getting inside the crops and then building up in their bodies,First, they damage the land. Chemicals also affect humans health.,to sum up details （总结细节）,20,The features（特点

24、）of main points: most directly related to the topic sentence/word(s) （与主题句/词的直接关系） repeated（复现：原词、代词、同/近/反义词、上下义词、其他相关词） logically highlighted （逻辑上的突出）,How to tell main points from unimportant ones,In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to

25、 be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.,21,Not that Charlies own life was easy! He was born in a poor family in 1889. His parents were both poor music hall performers. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught

26、to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his si

27、ck mother and his brother. By his teens, Charlie had, through his humor, become one of the most popular child actors in England. He could mine and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks. No one was ever bored watching him his subtle acting made everything entertaining.,1. Because of his hard chi

28、ldhood, charlie became famous. 2. Charlie led a tough and unlucky life before becoming successful in acting. 3. Charlie led a hard life but his humor made him famous all over England, when he was just over ten. 4. Born in a poor acting family, Charlie started acting early, and this led to his succes

29、s as a child actor.,树立全局意识、从篇章角度梳理要点,新尝试 新思考,22,How Life Began on the Earth,How the earth formed. the appearance of water the appearance of water and atmosphere,For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertian until . when

30、the dust settled into a solide globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded. They were in time to produce carbon.,which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear

31、 on its surfaces. Water had also appeared on other planets like. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on teh surface of the water.,Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvi

32、ous that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.,23,How Lif

33、e Began on the Earth,the appearance of water the importance of water,Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that th

34、e continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on teh surface of the water.,24,碎片阅

35、读： 浅阅读，满足于获取表面的、碎片化信息的 浅思考阅读。,整体阅读： 思考并理清句间、段间关系，获取主要信息与 内涵的阅读。,25,I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and fl

36、owers could have kept me spellbound. Thats changed since I was here. For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. Another time fi

37、ve months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didnt go downstairs until the widow had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face Sa

38、dly I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before every dusty windows. Its no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experience.,26,I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so craz

39、y about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could have kept me spellbound. Thats changed since I was here. For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past el

40、even in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didnt go downstairs until the widow had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the w

41、ind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face Sadly I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before every dusty windows. Its no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature

42、 is one thing that really must be experience.,27,逐词阅读： 慢阅读，用平均速度阅读每个词句，结果迷失 在大量细节里。,All evidence points to the seemingly illogical conclusion that the faster most people read, the better they understand. Harry Shefter,轮廓阅读： 跳过填充物(padding)，关注文脉走向，快速 抓取文章要点。,28,1.Due to its great damage to peoples hea

43、lth, air pollution must be taken seriously. 2. However, their attitudes towards global warming divide-some believe it will be catastrophic; others claim it is a blessing, encouraging productivity and diversity of life. 3. It occurs due to the desire for the approval from peers as people are social b

44、eings. 4. Many companies are trying to find out effective products and ways to prevent the terrible damage it causes. 5. The effective way to cut down on cheating is to improve the process of learning as well as testing process and methods. （要点3）Above all, help students make it clear that honesty is

45、 the most important.（要点4）,29,微技能4-提炼关键词,30,A同学的问题：must be, should be 是功能词； an effective means, measures,是correct means 的重复。,The continued presence of water is fundamental to the development of life.,31,This new way of advertising has now become a controversy. Organizational conflict refers to any mi

46、sunderstanding or problem arising among people working together.,32,All in one One in vain,新尝试 新思考,T: Whats the topic of the passage? S: A special way to study ocean currents T: Who? (E studies ocean currents in a special way by studying movements of random floating garbage. Point1) T: What inspired

47、 him to study it in this special way? (para2) S: Too many shoes washing up on the shore. T: He realized this could be a great experiment? What does this refer to ?What did he realize? (He was inspired by shoes washing up on the shores. He realized if he learnt when and where the shoes went into the

48、water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. Point 2 ),Curious about the results, they compared the notes of the two groups and immediately saw the difference -pen users notes were shorter and taken mostly in their own words. Laptop users , however

49、, usually type down word -by- word what the lecturer said in a “mindless” way. They found that students with laptops always try to take more notes, so they usually write down information without processing its meaning while pen users, know that they cannot possibly record every word in a lecture. In

50、stead, they listen , think and focus on understanding the content of the lecture. Besides brain activities , there is another reason that laptops are not so useful in class ,Curious about the results, they compared the notes of the two groups and immediately saw the difference -pen users notes were

51、shorter and taken mostly in their own words. Laptop users , however , usually type down word -by- word what the lecturer said in a “mindless” way. They found that students with laptops always try to take more notes, so they usually write down information without processing its meaning while pen user

52、s, know that they cannot possibly record every word in a lecture. Instead, they listen , think and focus on understanding the content of the lecture. Besides brain activities , there is another reason that laptops are not so useful in class ,33,34,Paragraph3,new applications,finance,trade,robots,mob

53、ile phones,medical operations,space rockets,also, as well as, even,Which words can help you find the answers quickly?,35,First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop, I have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s. Since the 1970s I have been used in many new areas, first in communi

54、cation and later even in space exploration. Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me. I have become very important in communication, finance and trade. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations. I have even been put in

55、to space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars. Reduce the examples: out of five or six examples given in the original passage one or two may be chosen for the summary. (A Handbook of Writing),36,Showing Our Feelings We frown for showing our unhappiness and anger. We show unhappiness or ange

56、r by frowning.,Its function is to show happiness and put people at ease. It does not always mean that we are truly happy. The general purpose of smiling is to show good feelings. We show unhappiness or anger by frowning. Frowning and turning ones back to someone shows anger. Making a fist and shakin

57、g it almost always means that someone is angry and threatening another person. Nodding the head up and down is used for agreement. Shaking head from side to side means disagreement or refusal. Looking away from people or yawning will make me appear to be uninterested. If I turn toward and look at so

58、meone or something, people will think that I am interested. If I roll my eyes and turn my head away, I most likely do not believe what I am hearing or do not like it. Standing at a little distance with open hands will show that I am willing to listen.,37,Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke. However, in his chocolate factory, he held high standards for all the workers. He was both respecte