非谓语动词详解演示文稿.ppt

1、English Grammar,Non-Predicate Verbs（非谓语动词）,英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类： 1. 不定式：infinitive 2. 动名词：gerund 3. 分词： participle 现在分词： present participle 过去分词： past participle ,1. 不定式：infinitive,Form Usage Omission of “ to”,to do(not to do) 一般式（否定） to be doing 进行式 主动 to have done 完成式 to have been doing 完成进行式 to be done

2、 一般式 被动 to have been done 完成式,一般式： 不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 1. Im glad to see you. (同时发生) 2. They invited us to come to a party.（不 定式动作后发生） 3. The computer to be produced is of a new type. (被动) 4.You must promise never to do that again.,进行式： 谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。 1. They are sai

3、d to be building another bridge over the river. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。 2. I d rather read than watch television; the program seem_ all the time.(1997.1) a. to get worse b. to be getting worse 我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。,完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_in broad dayl

4、ight yesterday.(2001.1) a. robbed b. to have been robbed c. being robbed d. having been robbed 2. They were reported to have discovered anthor ancient tomb in this area.,完成进行式： 在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。 1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there. (= It is said that they have been c

5、ollecting folk songs there.) 2. The struggle was know to have been going on for over twenty years.,Usage,1 subject（主语） 2 predicative（表语） 3 object（宾语） 4 attribute（定语） 5 adverbial（状语） 6 complement（补足语）,1.不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）”, 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。 To m

6、aster a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.,It takes sb. some time 不定式 It costs sb. money不定式 2. 复合结构： for sb. to do sth. It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth. 当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise,as predicative Her wish is to be a teacher. S

7、he seems to be happy.,as object He loved to listen to music. I find it difficult to speak English fluently.,下列动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive

8、, tend, wish, ,特殊疑问词+不定式 介词+特殊疑问词+不定式 Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.） She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.） He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.） 疑问词包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等,I ask him where to get this book.（O.C.） The question is which to choose.（P.） 能一以这种结构作宾语的

9、动词有：know, see, show,tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand,explain等,as attribute 不定式通常作后置定语， 而且vi.后要加介词. There is a lot of work to do. He is the best man to consult with.,as adverbial A adverbial of purpose B adverbial of cause C adverbial of result,as adverbial of purpose I started early (so as)

10、/ (in order) to get there before dark. so as to 和 in order to 是不定式的强调形式 so as (not) to用在句中 in order (not) to 用在句中或句首,as adverbial of cause We are proud to be members of this team. We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.,as adverbial of result He is too young to go to school. I hurried to the ra

11、ilway station only to find that the train had left. He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.,as complement A object complement B subject complement,As object complement China expects everyone to do his duty. I could make them understand

12、me.,要求不定式作宾补的动词： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.) 要求省to不定式作宾补的动词： make / have / let (sb. do sth.),help sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作 help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作 This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily. They always h

13、elp me do my homework.,As subject complement We were made to pay the money. A man was seen to enter the house. 注：主被动语态转换,S. ask sb. to do sth. sb. be asked to do sth. S. make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth. S. saw a man enter the house. A man was seen to enter the house. S. saw a man entering the

14、 house. A man was seen entering the house.,omission of “to” 1 set phrase 2 set structure 3 sentence with special conjunction or preposition 4 as predicative,set phrase 1 had better/ had best (not) do 2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth. 3 would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.,4 wo

15、uld just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿也不愿 ） 5 may /might (just) as well do （还是好;还不如;不妨） 6 can not but do (不能不；不得不),7 cannot choose but （只得） 8 cannot help but （不得不） cannot help + doing 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不过）eg,I would just as soon stay as go with him. We may as well begin at once. You may as well

16、 tell the truth. We might just as well stay at home.,I can not but admire his courage. I cannot but laugh. I cannot choose but stay. I cannot help but grieve.,set structure 感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补 make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do 常见感官动词： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, loo

17、k at, feel perceive etc.,He made her do so. Bid him go home. （叫他回家） We will have the boy mail this letter. Let there be no mistake about it. （这事可别出错） Leave him go. （放他走） Look at that horse jump. I heard them talk about that film.,连词 (than, as) 或介词 (except, but, besides , save) 前有 do 的某种形式省 to; 反之则不省

18、 I did no more than make a beginning. I have no choice but to accept the fact.,I did nothing but / except repair the farm-tools. My dog does everything except speak. What do you like to do besides swim?,作表语的不定式:若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省. All I did was (to) hit him on the head. The only thing we can do i

19、s (to) encourage him to try again. The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again. What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.,Gerund,Form Usage Testing Structure,Forms: v-ing (主动)一般式 no v-ing / not doing 否定式 having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式 ones doing 复合结构,Usage,1 subj

20、ect 2 predicative 3 object 4 attribute, as S. There is no denying this. Its no use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P. His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins., as O. I have finished reading the book. She is very fond of dancing. Do you find staying here interesting? Do you find

21、 it interesting staying here?, as Attr. 动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途 现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系 sleeping pills a sleeping child,Testing Structure: 否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing 复合结构: ones v-ing 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词 名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或口语中）,Its no use buying books but not reading them. His / Him going there wont help much. Jo

22、hns /John coming here will get us out of trouble. I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary. I heard of Miss Marys /Mary coming back.,有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encourage, finis

23、h, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk,resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend,require, resent, recall, tolerate, appreciate, stop, approach to d

24、oing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,Participle,Form Usage Testing Structure, Present Participle v-ing (主动)一般式 not v-ing 否定式 having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式, Past Participle v-ed (被动)一般式 not v-ed 否定式,Usage,1 Predi

25、cative 2 Attribute 3 Adverbial 4 Complement,as predicative My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语主语状态) Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语主语性质),as attribute A lost opportunity never returns. The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary. The material used is cement. 注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句,as adverbial I

26、stood watching her, not knowing what to do. He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards., 分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致. Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful., Adverbial of time Seeing the professor, the students smiled and

27、 said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful., Adverbial of cause Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion., Adverbial of condition Working hard, youll succeed. United, we stand; divided, we fall., Adverbial of concession W

28、orking very hard, he did not feel a little tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词though加强语气), Adverbial of result A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety. New machines were installed, thus / thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus

29、/thereby加强语气), Adverbial of manner Traveling by car, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another., Adverbial of accompaniment The teacher, followed by some students, went into the classroom. They stayed at home all day, giving the ho

30、use a thorough cleaning.,as complement a O.C. I am sorry Ive kept you waiting. I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语 v.多为使役 v.和感官 v.) b S.C. She was seen going up stairs. The work was left half done.,Testing Structure,1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure,现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别: Please fill in this

31、 form, giving your name, address, etc. He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters. 一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思; 过去分词表示被动的意思.,分词作状语时的时态 1 一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生 Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note. = As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.,2 完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 Having cleaned the rooms, we began t