College English writing.ppt

1、English Writing,Part one: Manuscript Form,. Arrangement,1. To make your handwriting easy to read. 2. Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters. 3. Dont begin a line with a punctuation( a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark, exclamation

2、 mark).,4. Dont end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses. 5. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning, of a line.,6. Write the title in the middle of the first line. A. In a title, all the words except conjunctions,

3、 prepositions and articles should be capitalized. B. Con, pre and art should also be capitalized if they are the first or last words of a title. C. If the title is a sentence, no punctuation mark except a question mark is used at its end.,E.g. My First Visit to the Palace Museum Rules to Abide By Wh

4、at Can the Artist Do in the World of Today? What reform Means to China The English-Speaking people in Quebec,Think of five titles and write them in the proper form.,. Word Division,While writing, you may sometimes find that there is not enough room to write a whole word in at the end of a line. In t

5、his case, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables:,1. One-syllable words can not be divided, e.g. through, march, brain, pushed. 2. Dont write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginni

6、ng of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a.lone, trick.y. 3. Dont put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat.ed, cab.in. 4. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi.na, Aus.ten. 5. Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-

7、law, empty-handed.,6. Dont divide words in way that may mislead the reader: re.ally. 7. Dont divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page. 8. Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re.state.ment. 9. Divide

8、two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug.gle, shat.ter. 10. When in trouble, consult a dictionary.,Divide the following words according to general rules:,setting, sister-in-law, correctness, gratitude, bonus, permission, sociable, thought, dictatorship, far-reachin

9、g,. Capitalization,The use of capitalization is unique and important in writing. A word can mean quite a different thing when it is capitalized. Here are some examples: The china made in China is first class. Mr. Brown painted his table brown. John wanted to go to the john.,In addition to changing t

10、he meaning of a word, capitalization has various other functions. Generally speaking, capitals are used mainly at three places: 1. Key words in titles 2. Proper names e.g.: Peking University the Middle Ages Labor Day,3. the first words of sentences: For the beginning of a sentence e.g.: Where there

11、is a will, there is a way. for the first letter in each line of a poem. for the first word of quoted speech( words put between quotation marks). If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the firs

12、t word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun.,E.g. He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.” “My trip to Mount Tai,” He said, “was interesting but tiring.” I asked, “When do you usually go home?” She answered, “At weekends.”,. Punctuation,Here are a few basic

13、rules which all students leaning to write shall remember: 1. Use a period at the end of a complete sentence. 2. Dont use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction or a semicolon. 3. Dont overuse the exclamation mark. 4. Put direct speech between quotation marks.,Punctuate

14、 the following sentences and use capitals where necessary. she said we have decided to take the examination we have decided to take the examination she said we have decided she said to take the examination,大学生英语写作水平的基本要求：用词恰当，语句连贯，内容完整。,用英语写作的好处 ：,写作能帮助我们提高使用英语的准确性。我们每写一个句子，一段、一篇文章，都得力求用词、句法、拼写、大小写及

15、标点等完全正确，而且与上下文联系紧密，语气连贯。写和说不同，写好后可以检查修改，一次修改就是一次提高。写得越多，语言就会越准确。,写作能扩大所用语言的范围。口语所用的语言一般比较简单常用，复杂或文雅的语言很少用，也不易用。而写作所用的语言则是多种多样的，从极简单的到极复杂的都用得上，所用的词汇和句型比口语中常用的要多，这当然对掌握英语极有好处。,写作训练能帮助我们提高逻辑思考及分析问题的能力。写一篇文章，不论长短，都需要妥善地组织材料，得出结论，做到重点突出，条理清楚。这样，在锻炼写作能力的同时，也锻炼了分析与处理实际问题的能力。,写作可以培养严谨的学习作风。写作要求认真细致，一丝不苟。从一词

16、一句到全篇结构，都必须仔细琢磨，反复推敲。还要抄写工整，格式正确。长期的写作练习自然可以使一个人在学习和工作中形成同样的风格。,写作对阅读、听力和口语有促进作用。在练习写作的同时，会对别人的写法比较敏感。分析能力提高了，与别人交谈时会善于抓住要点。语言质量提高了，口语也会更准确。 除此以外，写作还有许多实际用途，如写信、撰写论文、起草报告及讲稿等等。同时写与译也密切相关，要想做好翻译，写作水平必须提高。,如何学好英语写作?,书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达 。 思维：把要写的内容在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎 。 组织：把思维的素材做出整理，使其条理、系统

17、化，但这往往还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误 。 表达：把组织过的材料仔细推敲，反复斟酌，然后再落笔成文。在撰写时要注意用词恰当，时态呼应，语句连贯等，这就是写作。,怎样才能写出好的英语文章呢？,具备扎实的语言基本功。掌握一定量的英语词汇，词法、句法及基本词汇用法知识。只有掌握用词、造句、段落的组织和篇章的构成等基本写作知识才能写出好文章。,了解英语写作格式。要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。,多读优秀的英语文章。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的

18、功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功。教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。,多做翻译训练。在进行英汉互译训练过程中，要想使每个句子都能准确贴切地传达原作者的意思，必须经过仔细斟酌，反复推敲。每个翻译过程都是对所学英语词汇的用法、句子和篇章结构等基本写作知识进一步认识的过程，对英语写作水平的提高有极大的帮助。,勤于练笔。要养成勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语写作的行之有效的好办法。练笔时，在学会使用英

19、语核心词汇即最常用词汇的前提下，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔，写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语写作能力也很有帮助。在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。,词的类型 Levels of Words,常用的词，按文体可分为正式用语和非正式用语。 英语词汇十分丰富，一些源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的长词，多用于正式文体，如：学术性或理论性著作、政府文件、法律文书等，这就是我们平常所说的“大词”。而与之相对的一些源于古英语的词，一般比较短小，只有一两个音节，常用于非正式文体，如：日常写作、会话等，这就是所谓的“小词”

20、。,例1. Nineteenth-century middle-class reformers perceived rural women as models of perfect health. Yet in the rural community, a dramatically different perspective emerged. Female agriculturalists and male reform allies clashed with male defenders of the status quo in analyzing females health and qu

21、ality of life. Farm women cited gender conflict as a source of their gloomy lives. Farm daughters wanted to quit the farm and experienced a rise in expectations. To improve farm womens physical and mental well-being and to stem the home-leaving tide, agricultural reformers promoted drastic changes i

22、n farm life. Based on womens private and published writings, farm journals, medical and agricultural society papers, and material culture, this study indicates that the rural-urban dichotomy in health advanced by cultural thinkers and historians jarred with farm womens own health.,在上述文章的节选中，选词比较正式，例

23、如：“perceive”, “rural community”, “female agriculturalist”, “male reform allies”, “gender conflict”, “status quo”, “quit”, “physical and mental well being”, “home leaving tide”, “drastic changes”, “promote”, “indicate”, “rural urban dichotomy”等。,例2. You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to

24、having an accident, which upsets you. You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and starts a big argument. Traffic. You have someone who cuts you off or stops in front of the bus. Theres a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch all the tim

25、e. Youre watchin the drivers, youre watchin other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers, to avoid hitting them. So you take the tension home with you.,这是一段十分口语化的谈话内容，多数词是非正式的，词汇很短，一般只有一两个音节，比如文章中的 “youre”, “theres”, “by a hair or so”, “on there”, “cuts you off”, “you got to”

26、 等。 从比较中，我们可以看出正式用语适合正式场合或口气庄重、文风严谨的文章，非正式用语适合于日常生活中人们的交流或通俗的描写和说明。就大学英语四、六级考试而言，我们建议写作词汇主要掌握大纲中的核心词汇即可。,Practice,Directions： Change the colloquial expressions into more formal ones. 1. look intoThe police are looking into the matter. look into investigate 2. thingShe had realized her own difficult

27、things. thing situation 3. useWe must use the available natural resources. use utilize 4. guyGuys in the south of Chinese speak in a different way from people in the north. guys people,5. wantWe want to report them to the police. want intend 6. haveThe police asked me if I have a gun. have obtain 7.

28、 endToms unhappy married life ended in divorce. end terminate 8. manyThey have found many spelling errors. many numerous 9. buyThe buying power of the dollar has declined. buy purchase 10. on timeShes never on time for appointments. on time punctual,The Meaning of Words:,词义包含两个方面：所指意义(Denotation)和隐含

29、意义(Connotation)。所指意义是指词本来的意思，如词典中所注明的意思；隐含意义则是指词所暗含的感情或想法。 以country，nation，state和land为例。这四个词有着或多或少相同的意义，都相当于中文的“国家”，但它们的含义截然不同。,country指疆土、其人口以及政府。 nation侧重指主权国家，也指国民。 state主要指政府以及国家的政治组织。 land比country意思更加广泛，而且多见于文学作品中，并带有感情色彩。例如：,他来自法国，一个远隔重洋的国家。 He came from France, a country across the sea. 中国是世界

30、上国土面积第三大国家。 In area, China is the third largest country in the world. 一个热爱和平的国家 a peace-loving nation 正在觉醒的非洲国家 the awakening nations of Africa,总统呼吁国民支持他的政策。 The President appealed to the nation to support his policy. 国有企业 state-owned enterprises 海湾国家 gulf states 工业应该由政府控制吗？ Should industry be contr

31、olled by the state?,中国是一个充满机遇的国度。 China is the land of opportunities. 中国是我的祖国。 China is my native land.,英语中的同义词尤其丰富，因为英语在许多世纪的发展过程中，吸收了其他语言中的大量词汇。但我们要牢记，在英语中，很难找到在意思和用法上完全相同的两个词，它们在文体层次、强调程度、感情色彩、语气和搭配上总是会有些许差别。,请看下面几组词语： (1)big和large都是常用词，但large比big稍正式一些，可用来描写特别大的东西，因而要比big表达的语气重一些。而huge则比上面两个词更文雅一

32、些，意思是“极大”，因而比large的语气更重。例如： a big / large house 大房子 a big / large city 大城市 Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world.上海是世界大都市之一。 Houston Rockets has got Yao Ming, a huge man over two meters tall.休斯敦火箭队有身高超过两米的巨人姚明。,(2)small和little常常可以互换，但在感情色彩上略有不同。small做客观的描写，而little可以表示喜爱的感情。例如： It was ve

33、ry disappointing indeed to find a small attendance of students at the lecture.学生上课的出席人数如此之少，真令人失望。 What horrid little children they are!这些孩子太可怕了！,(3)modest和humble都有谦逊的意思，但modesty指美德，humbleness却不是。humble常常意味着过分的自卑。因此，这两个词在语气上有所不同：一个是褒义，一个是贬义。例如： He was always surprisingly modest about his role in the

34、 Everest expedition.他对自己在那次珠穆朗玛峰探险中所起的作用总是谦虚得令人惊讶。 Iacocca rose from humble beginnings to become boss of Ford.亚科卡出身卑微，后来成了福特公司的总裁。,一些同义词搭配不同：即习惯上它们和不同的词连用。比如，在修饰amount, number, quantity等名词时，用large而不用big。例如： a large amount of money一大笔钱 a large number of people许多人 a large quantity of beer 大量的啤酒,在修饰表示人

35、的品质的名词，如：courage, confidence, ability, wisdom等时，通常不用big或large，而用great。 We have great confidence in your ability to do the job.我们非常相信你有能力做这工作。 He is a man of great wisdom. 他是个才智超群的人。,关于词义，我们要特别注意一点：不要把一个英语词的中文译法当作它的确切意思，或者通过中文译法理解英语词汇。许多英语词的中文译法固然表示它的意义，但也有许多没有确切中文译法的英语词，它们在不同的上下文语境中须采用不同的译法。 以send这个

36、简单的英语词为例。如果认为其意思就是“送”，便会造出以下这样的一些错误句子： 例1. He came to send me the letter. 应该为： He brought me the letter.他给我送来了信。 例2. I sent my friend to the station yesterday. 应该为：I went to the station with my friend to see him off yesterday. 昨天我去车站送朋友了。 实际上，send的真正意思是使别人到某处去，或使一物被送到某处，但本人(即send的主语)并不去。,为了准确地了解一个英语

37、词的意思，最好查阅有英语释义的词典。中文翻译并不总是可靠的，有时甚至还会导致误解。 比如说，有些具有相同中文翻译的英语词，并不一定是同义词。例如，economic和economical都可译为“经济的”，但两个词的意义截然不同：economic指与政治相对而言的一个国家或地区的经济方面，而economical则用以形容人或事物，指经济而有利，不浪费金钱或其他东西。例如： Change in the economic basis requires a corresponding change in the superstructure.经济基础的改变需要上层建筑作相应的改变。 She learn

38、ed to be economical in budgeting household expenses.在做家庭预算方面她学会了精打细算。,又如：family和home都可译为“家”，但它们并不是同义词：family指亲属，而home指居住的地方。例如： My family is very large.我家可是个大家庭。 The whole family came to visit us at Christmas. 圣诞节那天全家都来看望我们。 They have a charming home in London.他们在伦敦有一个可爱的家。 A refrigerator is the ide

39、al place to store apples in the home.冰箱是家里面贮藏水果的理想地方。,Practice,Directions： Choose the correct word from the parentheses to fill in the blank. 1. Although the place is situated in the north, rice is the_ food of the local inhabitants. (principal, principle) 2. The audience stood up when the hero appe

40、ared on the platform. (respectfully, respectively) 3. In the late 19th century, tens of thousands of people _ from eastern Europe to the United States. (emigrated, immigrated) 4. The defendant pleaded that he was . (ignorant, innocent) 5. She is tall and and so has been chosen by the fashion company

41、 to be a model. (slender, skinny),6. We down on the grass and looked up at the sky. (lay, laid) 7. From the lukewarm response of the audience, I can_ that they did not like the new play. (infer, imply) 8. There is a rumor that the price of gasoline will_ again. (rise, raise) 9. As soon as danger thr

42、eatened, the guard his post. (abandoned, left) 10. I dont think its wise of him to such a good suggestion. (refuse, reject),Keys:,1. principal 2. respectfully 3. emigrated 4. innocent 5. slender 6. lay 7. infer 8. rise 9. abandoned 10. reject,The Choice and Use of Words词语选用,从语义上来说，词大体可分为两类：抽象、笼统的词和具

43、体、有个性的词。例如：tree与pine, oak, ash, maple相比，tree的意思更广泛，而pine, oak, ash, maple的意思更为具体。在写作中，抽象、笼统的词所包含的信息量大、表达力强；而具体、有个性的词有助于使文章更清楚明确、鲜明生动。试比较： General：After a days hard work, I walked towards my apartment. Specific：After a days hard work, I dragged my legs towards my apartment.,General：My Chinese teacher

44、 is very good. Specific：My Chinese teacher, Mrs. Liu, is learned, helpful and patient. General：The dinner is very good. Specific：The dinner is rich and tasty. General：He has a tool in his hand. Specific：He has a hammer in his hand.,通过比较可以看出，上述各组例句中，前一句不如后一句表达得具体、生动。在写作时，常犯的毛病就是随便用笼统的词来描写一个具体事物，如：常用g

45、ood一词来表达赞美之情，而对于究竟如何地好，读者感到模糊不清、笼统空泛。而选用具体的词汇描述事物的优点在于，会使读者对其一目了然。由此可见，写作中正确选用词语可使文章更富有表现力。,在下面的例子中，我们把词语选用放在段落水平上，希望读者仔细对比揣摩，以期有一个更清楚的认识： General： In the two day weekend, we can have a good rest. Besides, we can make good use of the time and do a lot of things. But, as college students, we cannot f

46、orget our main task. So we should also work hard on our lessons during the weekend. In a word, we should make good use of the two day weekend and spend it meaningfully.,Specific： In the two day weekend, we have more free time to enjoy. We can sleep longer than usual and make our mind at more ease. W

47、e can follow our interests and hobbies. If we like, we can go outing with our friends and get nearer to nature. Besides, we can also enjoy reading novels or watching TV freely. At the same time, as college students, we should never forget to set aside some time to review what we have learned in the

48、past week and prepare for lessons in the coming week. In a word, we should make good use of the two day weekend and spend it meaningfully.,Practice,Directions： Give out the specific words. 1. see： 2. get： 3. trees： 4. flowers： 5. money： 6. exercise： 7. tell： 8. have： 9. go： 10. show：,Keys:,1. see： s

49、can, peep, stare, glare, glance 2. get： gain, grasp, master, catch, obtain 3. trees： pines, willows, plane-trees, cypresses 4. flowers： roses, lilies, tulips, chrysanthemums, lotuses 5. money： currency, coin, capital, investment, cash 6. exercise： physical training, assignment, trial, preparatory ex

50、ercise, review 7. tell： inform, disclose, reveal, confess, remark 8. have： possess, hold, own, occupy 9. go： hurry, loiter, wander, run, ride, walk 10. show： denote, indicate, betray,Types of Sentences句子类别,简单句、并列句和复合句 英语句子按其语法结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种类型。简单句是构成各类句子的基础；两个或两个以上的意义相关的简单句可以联结成并列句；简单句的每个句子成分可以扩展

51、成从句而构成复合句。,简单句(Simple Sentences),只包含一个主语(Subject)和谓语(Predicate)的句子称为简单句。但有时一个句子可包含两个或两个以上并列的主语或谓语，还仍为简单句。例如： Four years college life laid a solid foundation for his work.四年大学生活为他的工作打下了坚实的基础。 I put my ass on the line for you.现在为你两肋插刀。 China is experiencing a new breed of ambitious and educated, young

52、 businessmen.中国出现了一批雄心勃勃、受过高等教育的新生代年轻企业家。 The boys and girls jumped and played in the garden.男孩们和女孩们在花园里跳跃着、玩耍着。,并列句(Compound Sentences),包含两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构的句子称为并列句。在意义上，各分句(Independent Clauses)是同等重要并相互关联的；在语法结构上，它们是平行且相互间没有从属关系的。并列句的各个分句常用一定的并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)、连接副词(Conjunctive Adverbs)、

53、分号(Semicolon)等连接在一起。例如： Recite some good essays; on the other hand, you should often practice writing.背诵一些好文章，另一方面，还应该经常练习写作。 He is faced with a lot of difficulties; nevertheless he will never give up.虽然面临着许多困难，但他绝不会放弃。 Wise men seek after truth while fools despise knowledge. 智者求真理，愚人贬知识。 The propos

54、al was not well thought out; moreover, it would have been too expensive.这个建议本身就不好，而且实施起来花费也大。,复合句(Complex Sentences),由一个主句(Main Clause)和至少一个从句(Subordinate Clause)构成的句子称为复合句。在复合句中，主句是整个句子的主体部分，从句只是整个句子的一个成分， 不能独立存在，在句法关系上从属于主句。从句须用关联词(Connectives)引导，来表明与主句的关系。例如： Although heat waves surged on in summ

55、er, they still played football.尽管夏日热浪滚滚，他们还在踢足球。,As college students are not secured of jobs as before, they have to train themselves more diligently so that they can be better qualified and have better chances to ensure ideal employment in the future.由于不再像过去一样工作包分配，大学生必须更加勤奋，以便更有资格并且有更好的机会在将来获得一份理想

56、的职业。 Where you stumble becomes your opportunity to make corrections, to learn and grow.你跌倒的地方就是你改正错误、吸取教训、开始成长的地方。 It is time that the problem attracted the attention of relevant departments and that more effective measures were adopted.这个问题应该引起有关部门的注意，该是采取有效措施的时候了。,Directions： Translate the followi

57、ng sentences into English according to the different types of sentences. 1. 在任何情况下我们都不应该诉诸武力。 1. Under no circumstances should we appeal to arms. 2. 不要以貌取人。 2. Dont judge people by their appearances. 3. 你为什么未经父母允许就做了这件事? 3. Why did you do it without your parents permission? 4. 凭这张优惠票，你可以坐头等舱旅行。 4. T

58、his preferential ticket entitles you to travel first class. 5. 你对克隆技术有何看法？ 5. What do you think of the cloning technology?,6. 这一切成果是多么令人鼓舞啊! 6. How encouraging all these achievements are to us! 7. 请到我们的商店来看看，不一定要买东西。 7. Come and look round our shop without commitment to buy anything. 8. 世界杯决赛现正向全世界实

59、况转播。 8. The World Cup final is being transmitted live to the whole world. 9. 请把洋葱切碎。 9. Chop up the onions, please. 10. 经理将文件交由他的秘书保管。 10. The manager committed the document to the care of his secretary.,Directions： Use appropriate dependent words to combine the following pairs of simple sentences into complex sentences. 1. English is offered only in the morning. Chemistry can be taken at night. 2. The movie disgusted the coach. He walked out after fifteen minutes.