非谓语动词v-ed.ppt

1、Grammar,The Past Participle,1. 过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。,Explanation,2. v-ed表示动作已经完成或被动意义,eg: fallen leaves,落叶(已落下的叶子),eg: I heard the door closed.,我听见门被关上了。,3. 否定式：,not + v-ed,eg: He escaped, not seen by anyone.,过去分词所充当的成分：,一、作表语 (predicative),1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处

2、的状态，其用法相当于adj.，放在系动词后面。,eg: The door remained locked till 7 oclock.,eg: I am pleased with the result of the experiment.,(许多v-ed形式已经被当作adj.使用, 如: excited, disappointed, moved, puzzled,lost等),注意区别：,2. v-ed作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。,系表结构中的v-ed表示： 被动语态中的v-ed表示：,主语所处的状态,一个被动的动作,eg: The cup is brok

3、en. The cup was broken by Tom.,系表结构表状态,被动语态表动作,注意比较：,3. 过去分词v-ed和v-ing作表语的区别：,过去分词v-ed: 现在分词v-ing:,表主语(人)所处的心理状态， 个人的感受. “(人)感到.”,表主语(物或人)所具有的特征. “(物或人)令人.”,eg: surprised/ surprising; encouraged/ encouraging; moved/ moving. Ex:书P14/5，P91/1,二、作定语 (attribute),1. 前置定语：单个的v-ed作定语，一般放在被修饰的n.之前；Ex:书P14/2

4、后置定语：v-ed短语作定语时，常被放在被修饰的n.之后，相当于一个定语从句。,eg: an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人,eg: The injured bird lay on the ground.,eg: The boy named Tom is my brother.,eg: a letter written in blue ink,注意:,如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。,eg: There was nobody invited here.,2. v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换:Ex:书P14/3

5、,(1) 若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成v.用被动形式的定语从句。,eg: The letter posted today will reach you in a week. =,The letter which was posted today will.,(2) 若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成v.用完成时态的定语从句。,eg: a retired teacher =,a teacher who has retired,eg: the fallen leaves=,the leaves which have fallen,注

6、意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。,我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.,而常说：The girl who has won the race is my friend.,3. v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：,（1）doing作定语-,主动，动作正在进行,（3）done作定语-,被动，动作已完成,（2）being done作定语-,被动，动作正在进行,（4）to do作定语-,将来要发生的动作,（5）having done-,不能作定语，用定语从句代替,注意比较：,eg: a broken cup

7、 ; some singing birds,Exercise:,1. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying,B,2. With a lot of different problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being sett

8、led,C,3. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known,D,4. When I got back, I saw a message _ to the door_ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinn

9、ed, read,C. pinned, reading,5. Ex:书P13/1,三、作宾补 (Object Complement),v-ed作宾补，表示被动意义或已完成意义，或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系。,v-ed作宾补的几大类型的v. :,1. 在make, get, have, keep, leave等使役动词后面作宾补：,eg: Please keep us informed of the latest news.,请随时把最新消息告诉我们。,eg: When you speak, you have to make yourself understoo

10、d.,说话时要让人听得懂。,注意：在have + n./ pron. + 过去分词，即have sth. done这一结构中，have通常有三种意义。,eg: I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays, but I dont wash my clothes myself.,(1) 表示“让某人做某事”，v-ed动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。,eg: The museum had everything robbed of in the war.,eg: I have had my bike repaired.,(2) 表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击

11、”， v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语， 而是主语受到这种动作的影响。,eg: The old man had his leg broken in the accident.,(3) 表示通常意义的“有”。,eg: We had a lot of books left in the classroom.,2. 在see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：,eg: I saw the thief caught by the policeman.,eg: We can hear the windows beat

12、en by the heavy rain drops.,3. 在would like, want, like, wish, order, expect, request等表示“希望，想要、要求”的v.后面作宾补：,eg: The boss wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment.,eg: We wished the problem settled at once.,4. 在介词with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed结构中。,宾语,宾补,(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系),eg: The thief was broug

13、ht in with his hands tied behind his back.,eg: They left without a plate untouched.,他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过。,注意： with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed这一结构在整句话中是作状语的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况。,注意比较：,v-ed, v-ing和to do作宾补的不同：,v. + 宾 + v-ed: v. + 宾 + v-ing: v. + 宾 + (to) do:,表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系。,表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系。,表动作将要发生或表动

14、作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关系。,1. We found the trees _(plant) already. We found many people _ trees there.,planted,planting,Exercise:,2. Mrs. White found her husband _ by letters and papers and _ very worried. A. surrounding; looking B. surrounded; looked C. surrounding; looked D. surrounded; looking,四、作状语 (Adver

15、bial),v-ed作状语，它与主句的主语构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。,v-ed作状语的几大类型:,(1) 作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的原因状语从句.,eg: Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. =,As we were deeply moved by the film, we all cried.,(2) 作时间状语，相当于when, while, before, after引导的时间状语从句.,Asked how he broke in

16、to the room, he made no answer.=,When he was asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.,(3) 作条件状语，相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句.,eg: Given more time, we would do the work better.=,eg: If we were given more time, we would do the work better,(4) 作方式或伴随状语，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。,eg: The actress came

17、 in, followed by her fans.=,The actress came in, and was followed by her fans.,(5) 作让步状语，有时可以与although, though, even if, even though等连用,eg: Much tired, my parents still kept on working.=,Although they were much tired, my parents still kept on working.,eg: Though beaten by them, we were not discourag

18、ed.=,eg: Though we were beaten by them, we were not discouraged.,注意： 过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态, 或是固定搭配。,1. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed,解析：be dressed in sth. 穿着.，表状态,2. _ with a bill for $10,000, he has taken an extra job. A. Facing B. Having faced C. To face D. Faced,解析：be faced with sth. 面对.，是固定搭配,比较： v-ed, v-ing, to do作状语的用法,(1) v-ed作状语表示:,被动的或已完成的动作,(2) v-ing作状语表示:,主动的和正在进行的动作，即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓v.的动作同时发生,(3) to do作状语表示:,主动的动作，常作“目的，原因