中南大学生物化学考研课件ch1introduction.ppt

1、Biochemistry,For Speciality of Biotechnology or Bioengineering at CSU Mr. XIA Jinlan,Chapter 1 Introduction,What is Biochemistry? What are the main contents of Biochemistry?-An overview of Biochemistry In which way does biochemistry develop? Why do you need to study Biochemistry? How do you study Bi

2、ochemistry well?,What is Biochemistry?,Biochemistry:,研究对象：生命体内的各类物质的结构、功能和作用过程 与机理，以及这些对象的研究方法,Biochemistry is the study of life on a molecular level。 It seeks to describe the structure, organization, and function of living organisms in molecular terms,1st parlance: “Metabolism + Evolution”第一种说法: “代

3、谢+进化” Metabolism 代谢 Metabolism regulation 代谢调控 Metabolism information 代谢信息 Common evolution 共同进化,What are the main contents of Biochemistry?,2 The 2nd parlance 第二种说法,Conformational 构像 Structure and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules Metabolism 代谢 Energy production and utilization Informa

4、tional 信息 Language for communication inside and between cells,Cells Biochemical reactions Organisms dependence 生物体间的依赖性 Protein synthesis (Information flow信息硫) Common evolution 共同进化（论）,3. The 3rd parlance （preferable) 第三种说法 （也许更可取）,What are the main contents of Biochemistry? - An overview of Biochem

5、istry (1),Cells,What are the main contents of Biochemistry?-Cells,Characteristics of Cells 细胞的特征 All organisms are composed of cells Cells are composed of small molecules, macromolecules and organelles（细胞器） Macromolecules conceal their hydrophobic parts 大分子将其疏水部分掩盖起来,All organisms are composed of ce

6、lls所有的生物体是由细胞组成的,Cell: Plasma membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Cytoskeleton (*in animal and plant cells),Cell type: Prokaryote (no nucleus, lack most of the other membrane-bounded organelles as well) Bacteria Eukaryote (with a nucleus) Plants, fungi, animals,原核生物,真核生物,Cells,Prokaryote

7、,Outer membrane 细胞外膜 Periplasmic space 壁膜间隙 Cell wall: 细胞壁 Plasma membrane 质膜 Mesosome: 间体 Flagellum: 鞭毛 Cytosol: 胞质溶胶 Nucleoid: 拟核 DNA：脱氧腺苷酸,Cells,Prokaryotes -unicellular,Organelles:,Nucleolus:核仁 Nucleus:核 Secretory vesicle 分泌小泡 Mitochondrion 线粒体 Rough endoplasmic Reticulum 粗面内质网 Peroxisome: 过氧化物酶

8、体 Lysosome:溶酶体 Cilium:纤毛 Golgi apparatus 高尔基体 Chloroplast:叶绿体 Vacuole:液胞 Cell wall,Cells,Eukaryotes -multicellular,Organelles:,Summary of organelles and their function,Cells are composed of small molecules, macromolecules and organelles细胞是由小分子、大分子和细胞器组成的,See table 1.1, p6,Cells,Small molecules: H2O

9、(predominately, 70%) Inorganic ions H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, OH-, etc. Organic substance Monosaccharides (单糖）, e.g., glucose, galactose Organic acids, e.g., amino acids, pyruvate，fatty acids Vitamins Hormones Alkaloids and inorganic ions,Cells,Macromolecules 大分子 Lipids 脂质 Primarily hydrocarbon

10、structures 烃类结构 Mostly found in various membranes Carbohydrates 碳水化合物 Polysaccharides 多糖 Proteins 蛋白质 Polypeptides (amino acids+peptide bonds) 多肽 Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) 核酸 Polynucleotides 多核苷酸,Cells,“pseudo- Macromolecule”,Organelles 细胞器 Nucleus 细胞核 Mitochondria 线粒体 Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Golgi

11、 apparatus 高尔基体 Lysosomes 溶酶体 Peroxisomes 过氧化物酶体 Chloroplasts 叶绿体,Cells,Comparing among the cellular components 细胞成份间的比较,Cells,What are the main contents of Biochemistry? - An overview of Biochemistry (2),Biochemical reactions,Form a small subset of ordinary chemical reactions Occur under mild condi

12、tions Normally require energy Be localized in the cell Be organized into pathways Be regulated,Characteristics of Biochemical reactions生物化学反应的特征,To form a small subset of ordinary chemical reactions,HO-: hydroxyl- 羟基 HS-: Mercapto- 巯基 NH2-: amino- 氨基,Biochemical reactions occur under mild conditions

13、,Mild conditions 温和的条件 Room temperature 常温 Room pressure 常压 No need of harsh reagents 不需要苛刻的试剂 Why? Catalyzed by enzymes,Many biochemical reactions require energy,Energy forms Light Chemical energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷） Flow of energy in the biosphere,Flow of energy in the biosphere,Bioc

14、hemical reactions are localized in the cell,Biochemical reactions are organized so that different reactions occur in different parts of the cell,Examples,Biochemical reactions are organized into pathways,Most biochemical reactions are integrated into multistep Pathways utilizing several enzymes,糖异生作

15、用,From glycolysis糖酵解,Examples,Biochemical reactions are regulated,Hundreds of biochemical reactions take place simultaneously but accordantly or systematically. Why?,Because they are under specific pathways that are specifically regulated. Regulating factors Substrate 底物 Enzymes 酶 Amounts controlled

16、 by the rate of enzyme synthesis,What are the main contents of Biochemistry? - An overview of Biochemistry (3),Organism dependence,Organisms are biochemically dependent on one another Typical example:,Organism dependence,Food pyramid,What are the main contents of Biochemistry? - An overview of Bioch

17、emistry (4),Protein synthesis,Information for the synthesis of proteins is carried by the DNA,Protein synthesis,Central dogma 中心法则,What are the main contents of Biochemistry? - An overview of Biochemistry (5),Common evolution,The first living system were acellular 非细胞 Hydrogen cyanide HCN Starting p

18、oint for Nucleic acid bases Formaldehyde HCHO Starting point for Ribose,Common evolution,RNA may be the origin of life Serving as a template for its own replication Passing along catalytic functions to the proteins Passing information storage functions to DNA Being as a messenger for transferring ge

19、netic information from the DNA for the synthesis of proteins,Evolution degree,Evolution tree,Structural and functional characteristics of bio-macromolecules 生物大分子的结构与功能特征,Structural and functional features of bio-macromolecules (BMMs) depend on the environment where the BMMs are being in 生物大分子的结构与功能

20、取决于其所处的环境 BMMs and their building blocks have a “sense” or directionality 生物大分子和它们的组合体具有方向性 BMMs structure and the interactions between BMMS are maintained and determined by Weak forces 生物大分子的结构及其相互作用由弱的作用力来维持,Structure, environment (medium) and function,Biological macromolecules and their building

21、blocks Have a “sense” or directionality,Nucleotide核苷酸,Nucleotide,Nucleic acid核酸,5,3,The senses of some of the informational Bio-macromolecules 一些信息生物大分子的方向,5,3,(RNA also 5 to 3),多肽片段,DNA链,BMMs structure and the interactions between BMMS are maintained and determined by Weak forces 生物大分子的结构及其相互作用由弱的作

22、用力来维持,Van der Waals interactions Hydrogen bonds Ionic interactions Hydrophobic interactions,The four types of weak forces:,Comparison among the four weak forces: see table 1.3 p15,Van der Waals interactions,Van der Waals packing is enhanced in molecules that are structurally complementary.,p15,Hydro

23、gen bond,Ionic interaction,Hydrophobic interaction,Biological function is achieved through mechanisms based on structural complementarity and weak chemical interactions 结构互补和弱化学作用维系着生物功能,Typical example: Antibody /antigen,Antigen,Antibody,In which way does biochemistry develop? 生物化学的发展方式,Three origi

24、ns of biochemistry 生物化学有三个源头： Organic chemistry 有机化学: amino acids, proteins, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids Medical physiology 医学生理学： vitamins, hormones and coenzymes (维生素、激素、辅酶) Fermentation industry 发酵工业： enzymology metabolism (酶学、物质代谢),Agencies （重大事件或重要人物）: Mendel (1900), Watson & Crick (1953)

25、Genome plans for HB (1990) Functional genome plans for HB (Now) Three main outstanding achievements主要杰出成就: Elucidation of catalysis of enzyme(s) Elucidation of genetics of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Genome plans for HB,生物化学重大发展年代表,1897年 Buchner 发现酵母细胞质能使糖发酵 1902年 Fischer 肽键理论 1926年 Sumner结晶得到了脲酶,证明

26、酶就是蛋白质 1935年 Schneider将同位素应用于代谢的研究 1944年 Avery等人证明遗传信息在核酸上 1953年 Sanger的胰岛素氨基酸序列测定 Waston-Click提出DNA 双螺旋模型 1958年 Perutz等解明肌红蛋白的立体结构 1970年 发现了DNA限制性内切酶 1972年 DNA重组技术的建立 1978年 DNA双脱氧测序法的成功 1990年 人类基因组计划的实施,2001年完成,进入 后基因组时代,Key techniques to biochemistry,Electrophoresis 电泳（1923） 生物大分子的分离、分析 Ultra-cent

27、rifugation 超速离心（1925） 蛋白质、细胞亚器官的 分离；分子量的确定 Isotopes labelling 同位素标记（1934） 物质代谢途径、生物大分子结构测定 Chromatography 色谱（层析）（1944 ） 生物大分子的分离纯化 X-ray diffraction X-光衍射、NMR核磁共振 生物大分子结构测定,Why do you need to study Biochemistry?,One of the most important basic courses for Biological engineering (or bioengineering) O

28、ne of the most important research fields in the biological science： Structure and function of large biological molecules (Basic research). Cell and protein engineering Metabolism of biological molecules that are especially used as biomedicine, insecticides, healthy food, etc. (Metabolic engineering)

29、 Pathways to degrade harmful organic polymer and synthesize biodegradable polymer, to produce bio-energy, such as hydrogen, alcohol, etc. (Pollution control and elimination),Biochemistry:,How do you study Biochemistry well? 如何学习好生物化学,Take the important parts at the first step which may be under guide of your teacher(s) (抓重点) Adopt the inverse study method in which you begin with the question you are interested in, then you look up the answer from the textbook Use some guide books Begin with a concise and newly