Morphology解读.ppt

1、,Chapter 3 Morphology,阜阳师范学院外国语学院 夏炎青,3.1 Morphology - Definition,Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Key points: - words - internal structure e.g. repeat, reunite, reform - rules e.g. repeat - *peatre,Morpheme is the smallest grammati

2、cal unit in which there is an arbitrary union of sound and meaning, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. 最小的音义结合体。 Question: Are these morphemes? Examples: nice, -ist, pre-, -s A morpheme is a linguistic abstraction an

3、d a concept which is usually marked out with curly brackets .,3.2 Morpheme-the minimal unit of meaning,Morpheme needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographic forms. These forms are called morphs (语素形式). e.g. The morpheme rose is phonologically represented by /ruz/ and orthographic

4、ally by “rose”.,3.2 MorphemeMorph(语素形式),Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts. But in other cases, morphemes may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. Those morphs that represent the same morpheme are called the allomorphs of the same morpheme. An allomorph (语素变体/词素变体) is a morphologi

5、cal variant of morpheme, and the relation between allomorph and morpheme is a matter of realization.,3.2 MorphemeAllomorph (语素变体),There are three features of the allomorphs of one morpheme: a. All the allomorphs should have common meaning; b. All the allomorphs should be in complementary distributio

6、n; c. Allomorphs which share the common meaning should occur in parallel formation.,3.2 MorphemeAllomorph (语素变体),3.3 Types of Morphemes,3.3 Types of Morphemes,1. Free morpheme and bound morpheme Free morpheme (自由语素): those morphemes may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselv

7、es. Bound morpheme (粘着语素): those morphemes cannot occur alone, but must appear with at least another morpheme.,3.3 Types of Morphemes,2 Root, affix and stem Root (词根) is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. Affix (词缀) is a collective term for the ty

8、pe of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound. Stem (词干) is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.,3.3 Types of Morphemes,3. Inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme Inflection

9、al morphemes (屈折语素)are not used to produce new words in the English language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Derivational morphemes (派生语素)are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category for the ste

10、m.,3.4 Morphemic analysis (语素分析),In cases where a word consists of more than one morpheme, we shall try to analyze how the word is formed, and how the morphemes are related to each other. The analysis of the relationships between the morphemes in a word is referred to as morphemic analysis.,3.4 Morp

11、hemic analysis (语素分析),Exercise: Can you analyze the morphemes in “replacements” , “untruly” and “unmanly”? replacements = re + place + ment + s untruly = un + true + ly unmanly = un + man + ly In this way, we analyze the linear order, that is the horizontal order of the morphemes. Question: Which af

12、fix adds to the root first, which the second, the third? We need to analyze the hierarchical order of morphemes.,Immediate Constituent Analysis,Method: Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis) (直接成分分析法) By IC Analysis, the morphemes of a word are divided into two groups, then each of them is divi

13、ded into sub-groups, and so on, until it reaches the irreducible constituents. e.g. replacements replacement s replace ment - immediate constituents of the form on one level above re place - ultimate constituents,Immediate Constituent Analysis,Question: How to analyze “untruly” and “unmanly? untruly

14、 unmanly untrue ly un manly un true man ly IC Analysis of morphemes is not arbitrary. It is governed by morphological rules, which determine how morphemes are combined into new words.,3.5 Word Formation,Types of word formation Derivation Compounding,Word Formation,1. Derivation is the process by whi

15、ch a new word is built from a stem, usually through the addition of an affix. The derived word may have a different meaning than the original word, and may even be in a different grammatical category than the underived word. 1) Prefixation: usually does not change the word class. The basic rules:,Wo

16、rd Formation,However, there are exceptions. be: befriend (be+ N V), belittle (be + ADJ V) em/en: embody (em + N V), ensure (en + ADJ V) a: asleep (a + N ADJ) un: unearth (un + N V) post: postwar (post + N ADJ),Word Formation,2) Suffixation: the suffixes may add to the meaning.,Exceptions: N + suffix

17、 (-hood, -dom, -ism, etc.) N.,Word Formation,2. Compounding is a way of forming new lexical items involving the combination of two or more roots. In English, most compounds are two-word ones, but it can be a three-word one like hit-and-run or even a ten-word compounding adjective, such as: the jumpi

18、ng-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era In most of the compounds, the morphemes retain their lexical meanings, but there are exceptions: e.g. a highball Whiskey with icy water,Word Formation,Word Formation,Word Formation,Other types 3. Backformation (逆序构词法)is a process of de-affixation by “subtrac

19、ting” part of the old word that is mistaken for an affix. e.g. a. Backformation from nouns: beggar beg donation donate b. Backformation from adjectives: gloomy gloom cosy cose c. Backformation from words ending with ing: sidling sidle air-conditioning air-condition,Word Formation,4. Conversion (转化构词

20、法)means to changing from one word class to another, with little or no phonological change. e.g. walk (V N) engineer (N V) dirty (Adj V) Sometimes, the same form can be used for several functions. e.g. 1. He is the last one to leave. 2. The film lasted two hours. 3. The food can only last us three da

21、ys. 4. Who laughs last laughs best. 5. The last to leave the room should turn off the light.,Word Formation,5. Abbreviation/clipping(缩写构词法), is the process of shortening, or clipping a longer word or phrase. Three types: a. Front clipping: removing the beginning of the word phone (telephone) plane (

22、airplane) b. Back clipping: deleting the end of the word exam (examination) ad (advertisement) c. Front-back clipping: discarding both beginning & end of the word flu (influenza) fridge (refrigerator),Word Formation,6. Blending (混成构词法)is to create a word by combining parts of two already existing wo

23、rds. e.g. smog (smoke + fog) brunch (breakfast + lunch) 7. Initialism (词首字母缩略构词法)is to combine pronunciation of the initial letters of the composite names. e.g. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) NBA (National Basketball Association) 8. Acronyms (词首字母缩略构词法) come out when the combined initial letters follow the pronunciation patterns of English and the sequence can be pronounced as the spelling indicates as one word. e.g. UNESCO NATO TOEFL,Word Formation,9. Loans/Borrowings (借词): to borrow words from other languages. e.g. cancer (from Latin) government (from French) pajamas (fr