十九世纪的英国文学

1、,History of English Literature 3,Part V 19th English Literature . 19th C Romantic Literature A) Background: Sentimentalism/Gothic tradition/Pro-romanticism/French Revolution /Industrial Revolution B) Definition: a) As a new trend in literature, romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798

2、-1832, with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges “Lyrical Ballads” as its beginning, and Sir Walter Scotts death as its end. (A Defence of Poetry and Other Essays, Biographia Literaria) b) Historically speaking, it expressed the ideology and sentiment of the classes who were discontent with

3、and opposed to the development of Capitalism;,c) Thematically emphasizing (individual) emotion and showing great interests on nature d) Artistically adopting medieval folk literature characterizing with bold imagination, fantastic plots, bright imges, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering a

4、nd dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee

5、: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And

6、 dances with the daffodils, Detail Appreciation Introduction to the poet introduction to the background upon which the poem is written visiting friends-on the way back-daffodils along the bank of a bay-deeply touched-write a poem months later main idea analysis,picturesque description of nature a th

7、ree-dimensional picture cloud hills, dales, daffodils - Him saw I, sitting in an open square, Upon a corner-stone of that low wall, Wherein were fixed the iron pales that fenced A spacious grass-plot; there, in silence, sate This One Man, with a sickly babe outstretched Upon his knee, whom he had th

8、ither brought For sunshine, and to breathe the fresher air. Of those who passed, and me who looked at him, He took no heed; but in his brawny arms (The Artificer was to the elbow bare, And from his work this moment had been stolen) He held the child, and, bending over it, As if he were afraid both o

9、f the sun And of the air, which he had come to seek, Eyed the poor babe with love unutterable. (The Prelude, Vol.7-602-618), Casual long shot(写意长镜头) an open square, spacious grass-plot, sunshine, fresh air close shot（近镜头） contrast a corner-stone, low wall, iron pales , One Man, sate in silence, a si

10、ckly babe outstretched closeup（特写） Eyed with love unutterable,b) Hearty praising of common people Lucy Poems Strange Fits of Passion have I Known(我有过奇异的心血来潮) She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways I Traveled among Unknown Men Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower A Slumber did My Spirit Seal(一阵昏沉蒙住了我的心

11、灵) the Solitary Reaper,SHE dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to praise And very few to love: A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden from the eye! -Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky. She lived unknown, and few could know When Lucy

12、ceased to be; But she is in her grave, and, oh, The difference to me! (She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways, 1-12),African violet,Violet by mossy stone,When only one is shining,江 城 子.十年生死两茫茫苏东坡,江 城 子 苏东坡 十年生死两茫茫，不思量，自难忘。 千里孤坟，无处话凄凉。 纵使相逢应不识，尘满面，鬓如霜。 夜来幽梦忽还乡，小轩窗，正梳妆。 相顾无言，惟有泪千行。 料得年年肠断处，明月夜，短松冈。,这首词是宋熙

13、宁八年(公元1075年)所作，苏东坡做了一个遇见亡妻的梦，醒来感慨系之，写这首词，来表达对妻子王弗的怀念。此词开了悼亡词之先河，被行家视作悼亡词中绝唱。 在这首小词中，读不到一句令人感觉“矫情”之语，词语的运用简练凝重。每一个音节的连接都有冷涩凝绝之感，犹如声声咽泣，压抑沉重的气氛就在这“幽咽泉流”中弥散开来，让人艰与呼吸，又难以逃避。 苏东坡用了十年都舍弃不下的，是那种相濡以沫的亲情。他受不了的不是没有了轰轰烈烈的爱情，而是失去了伴侣后孤单相吊的寂寞。“纵使相逢应不识，尘满面，鬓如霜”在梦里能够看见的，也全是逝去亲人往日生活里的琐碎片断。因为在那些琐碎里，凝结着化不去的亲情。 在红尘中爱的最

14、高境界是什么？执子之手是一种境界，相濡以沫是一种境界，生死相许也是一种境界。在这世上有一种最为凝重、最为浑厚的爱叫相依为命。那是天长日久的渗透，是一种融入了彼此之间生命中的温暖。,c) Sublimity Found in the Life of Common People Sample poem: The Old Cumberland Beggar,Then let him pass, a blessing on his head! And, long as he can wander, let him breathe The freshness of the valleys; let hi

15、s blood Struggle with frosty air and winter snows; And let the chartered wind that sweeps the heath Beat his grey locks against his withered face. Reverence the hope whose vital anxiousness Gives the last human interest to his heart. May never HOUSE, misnamed of INDUSTRY, Make him a captive!-for tha

16、t pent-up din, Those life-consuming sounds that clog the air, Be his the natural silence of old age! Let him be free of mountain solitudes;,And have around him, whether heard or not, The pleasant melody of woodland birds. Few are his pleasures: if his eyes have now Been doomed so long to settle upon

17、 earth That not without some effort they behold The countenance of the horizontal sun, Find a free entrance to their languid orbs. And let him, “where” and “when” he will, sit down Beneath the trees, or on a grassy bank Of highway side, and with the little birds Share his chance-gathered meal; and,

18、finally, As in the eye of Nature he has lived, So in the eye of Nature let him die! (The Old Cumberland Beggar, 171-196),C) Childrens philosophy,1) a natural-burn purity and naiveness,“常德不离，复归于婴儿”老子 公元一世纪基督教出现认为儿童生来有罪，是谓“原罪说”，旧约圣经中说“鞭挞他，从地狱深渊中救出他的灵魂” 18世纪的文坛大师塞缪尔约翰生便认为,儿童乃非理性生物,因其不可理喻而微不足道 重温童年，疗治心灵

19、的伤痛，而且也表征着人类在新的历史困境前，又一次转向了“归根返始”的出路 Sample poem : We are Seven,We are Seven,A Simple Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of death? I met a little cottage Girl: She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl That cluster

20、ed round her head. She had a rustic, woodland air, And she was wildly clad: Her eyes were fair, and very fair; -Her beauty made me glad.,So in the church-yard she was laid; And, when the grass was dry, Together round her grave we played, My brother John and I. And when the ground was white with snow

21、, And I could run and slide, My brother John was forced to go, And he lies by her side. How many are you, then, said I, If they two are in heaven? Quick was the little Maids reply, O Master! we are seven.,But they are dead; those two are dead! Their spirits are in heaven! Twas throwing words away; f

22、or still The little Maid would have her will, And said, Nay, we are seven!,:,2)The child is the father of the man,Sample poem: My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began, So is now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old Or let me die! The child is the fath

23、er of the man: And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety (My Heart Leaps Up, 1-9),3) The pre-existence of soul Sample poem: Intimation of Immortality,. Poetics: A) Preface to Lyrical Ballads, the declaration of English Romanticism B) Key issues of his poetics 1) All good poe

24、try is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings 2) Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility 3) The theme is to be situations and incidents chosen from common life 4) Ordinary things are to be presented in an unusual way 5) The language used is to be a selection of languag

25、e really used by men,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Samuel Taylor Coleridge -poet And all thats best of dark and bright Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly

26、 lightens oer her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place.,And on that cheek, and oer that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow. But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose lov

27、e is innocent!,. Key issues of study support of national liberation movement romantic description of exotic scenery (exotic color) Description of love successful characterization: Byronic Hero,Byronic Hero,The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the Eng

28、lish Romantic poet Lord Byron. Both Byrons life and writings have been considered in different ways to exemplify the type. The Byronic hero first appears in Byrons semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (18121818), and was described by the historian and critic Lord Macau

29、lay as a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection. Wikipedia,拜伦式英雄是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义诗人拜伦作品中的一类人物形象。他们高傲倔强，既不满现实，要求奋起反抗，具有叛逆的性格；但同时又显得忧郁、孤独、悲观，脱离群众，我行我素，始终找不到正确的出路。例如，抒情长诗恰尔德哈洛尔德游记中贵

30、公子哈洛尔德，东方叙事诗之一海盗中的主人公康拉德，哲理剧曼弗雷德中的主人公曼弗雷德，等等。,The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics： high level of intelligence and perception cunning and able to adapt mysterious, magnetic and charismatic struggling with integrity power of seduction and sexual attraction social and sexu

31、al dominance, emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodiness a distaste for social institutions and norms Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!,剽悍的西风啊, 你是暮秋的呼吸, 因你无形的存在, 枯叶四处逃窜, 如同魔鬼见到了巫师, 纷纷躲避; 那些枯叶, 有黑有白, 有红有黄, 像遭受了瘟疫的群体, 哦, 你呀, 西风, 你让种籽展开翱翔的翅膀, 飞落到黑暗的冬床, 冰冷地躺下, 像一具具尸体深葬于坟墓, 直到 你那蔚蓝色的阳春姐妹

32、凯旋归家, 向睡梦中的大地吹响了她的号角, 催促蓓蕾, 有如驱使吃草的群羊, 让漫山遍野注满生命的芳香色调; 剽悍的精灵, 你的身影遍及四方, 哦,听吧, 你既在毁坏, 又在保藏!,The tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,The tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,Thou on whose stream, mid the steep skys commotion, Loose clouds like earths decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled bough

33、s of Heaven and Ocean, Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread On the blue surface of thine airy surge, Like the bright hair uplifted from the head Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge Of the horizon to the zeniths height, The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge Of the dying

34、year, to which this closing night Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre, Vaulted with all thy congregated might Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear!,在你的湍流中, 在高空的骚动中 , 纷乱的云块就像飘零飞坠的叶子, 你从天空和海洋相互交错的树丛 抖落出传送雷雨以及闪电的天使; 在你的气体波涛的蔚蓝色的表面, 恰似酒神女祭司的头上竖起缕缕 亮

35、闪闪的青丝, 从朦胧的地平线 一直到苍天的顶端, 全都披散着 即将来临的一场暴风骤雨的发卷, 你就是唱给垂死岁月的一曲挽歌, 四合的夜幕, 是巨大墓陵的拱顶, 它建构于由你所集聚而成的气魄, 可是从你坚固的气势中将会喷迸 黑雨、电火以及冰雹; 哦, 请听!,Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay, Lulld by the coil of his crystalline streams, Beside a pumice isle in Baiaes bay, And saw

36、 in sleep old palaces and towers Quivering within the waves intenser day, All overgrown with azure moss and flowers So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou For whose path the Atlantics level powers Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear Th

37、e sapless foliage of the ocean, know Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear, And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear!,你啊, 把蓝色的地中海从夏梦中 唤醒, 它曾被清澈的水催送入眠, 就一直躺在那个地方, 酣睡沉沉, 睡在拜伊海湾的一个石岛的旁边, 在睡梦中看到古老的宫殿和楼台 在烈日之下的海波中轻轻地震颤, 它们全都开满鲜花, 又生满青苔, 散发而出的醉人的芳香难以描述! 见到你, 大西洋的水波豁然裂开, 为你让出道路, 而在海底的深处, 枝叶里面没有浆汁的

38、淤泥的丛林 和无数的海花、珊瑚, 一旦听出 你的声音, 一个个顿时胆战心惊, 颤栗着, 像遭了劫掠, 哦, 请听!,If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and coul

39、d be The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemd a vision; I would neer have striven As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chaind

40、and bowd One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.,假如我是一片任你吹卷的枯叶 假若我是一朵随你飘飞的云彩, 或是在你威力之下喘息的水波, 分享你强健的搏动, 悠闲自在, 不羁的风啊, 哪怕不及你自由, 或者, 假若我能像童年的时代, 陪伴着你在那天国里任意翱游, 即使比你飞得更快也并非幻想 那么我绝不向你这般苦苦哀求: 啊, 卷起我吧! 如同翻卷波浪、 或像横扫落叶、或像驱赶浮云! 我跃进人生的荆棘, 鲜血直淌! 岁月的重负缚住了我这颗灵魂, 它太像你了:敏捷、高傲、不驯。,Make me thy lyre, even as

41、 the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like witherd leaves to quicken a ne

42、w birth! And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguishd hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakend earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,拿我当琴吧, 就像那一片树林, 哪怕我周身的叶儿也同样飘落! 你以非凡和谐中的狂放的激情 让我和树林都奏出

43、雄浑的秋乐, 悲凉而又甜美。狂暴的精灵哟, 但愿你我迅猛的灵魂能够契合! 把我僵死的思想撒向整个宇宙, 像枯叶被驱赶去催促新的生命! 而且, 依凭我这首诗中的符咒, 把我的话语传给天下所有的人, 就像从未熄的炉中拨放出火花! 让那预言的号角通过我的嘴唇 向昏沉的大地吹奏! 哦, 风啊, 如果冬天来了, 春天还会远吗?,Theme nature, revelutionary spirit, preaching for liberty, social criticism, regeneration four tercets and a closing couplet. The rime schem

44、e is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee. stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the terza rima,“,. Shelleys Love Lyrics A) Unsuccessful The nightingales complaint, It dies upon her heart; As I must on thine, Oh, beloved as thou art!,O lift me from the grass! I die! I faint! I fail! Let

45、 thy love in kisses rain On my lips and eyelids pale. My cheek is cold and white, alas! My heart beats loud and fast;- Oh! press it to thine own again, Where it will break at last., Analysis of the poem the 1st stanza: circumstancial basis,The 2nd stanza: psychological basis, The 3rd stanza: the out

46、burst of the fervent love,将我从草地上扶起来 我晕眩，我昏厥，我魂断 让你的哀怜用亲吻 落上我的嘴唇和眼睑 我的脸冰冷且灰白 我的心跳的响又急 把它啊！贴紧着你的心 在那里它终于会破裂,啊，请从草地上拥我入怀 我晕眩，我昏厥，神迷意乱 让爱的热吻如雨点般 洒落于我的唇间、眼睑 我的脸冰冷而苍白哟 我的心跳骤如鼓点 再紧拥我入怀哟 让爱的激流满溢于心间, A comparison of the Chinese vesion of the 3rd stanza,b) Platonic Love Definition ideal outlook of love pure s

47、piritual not physical equality between man Thou needest not fear mine; My spirit is too deeply laden Ever to burthen thine. I fear thy mien, thy tones, thy motion; Thou needest not fear mine; Innocent is the hearts devotion With which I worship thine.,Loves Philosophy The fountains mingle with the r

48、iver, And the rivers with the ocean; The winds of heaven mix forever, With a sweet emotion; Nothing in the world is single; All things by a law divine In one anothers being mingle;- Why not I with thine?,See, the mountains kiss high heaven, And the waves clasp one another; No sister flower could be

49、forgiven If it disdained its brother; And the sunlight clasps the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the sea; - What is all this sweet work worth, If thou kiss not me?,汉语译文,出山的泉水与江河汇流,江河又与海洋相通,天空里风与风互相渗透,融洽于甜蜜的深情.万物遵循同一神圣法则,在同一精神中会合;世上一切都无独而有偶,为什么你与我却不能够?看高高的山峰亲吻蓝空,浪和浪也相抱相拥,姐妹花朵绝不会被宽容,如果轻视她的弟兄;灿烂的阳光抚抱着大地

50、,明丽月华亲吻海波,一切甜蜜的作为有何价值,如果,你不亲吻我?,Percy Bysshe Shelley （雪莱） longer poems and lyrical dramas: Queen Mab（麦布女王） Revolt of Islam（伊斯兰的反叛） The Cenci 钦契一家 The Masque of Anarchy （暴政的行列） Prometheus Unbound （解放了的普罗米修斯) attacks on: governments, priests, marriage, religion, God; expression of his hope for a bette

51、r world.,In lyrics, like a wanderer, follow a vague, beautiful vision, forever sad The wealth ye find, another keeps; The robes ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears.,5 Sow seedbut let no tyrant reap; Find wealth,let no impostor heap; Weave robes, let not the idle wear; Forge arm

52、s, in your defence to bear.,John Keats,John Keats(济慈) the most talented of romantic poets , died young, the search of beauty and love in life and art. Works: Endymion(恩底弥翁） The Eve of St. Agnes （圣爱格尼斯之夜） Hyperion（赫披里昂),To Autumn(秋颂) Ode on a Grecian Urn(希腊古瓮颂) Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂) Bright Star(灿

53、烂的星) On First Looking into Chapmans Homer (初读查普曼译荷马史诗有感),On the Grasshopper and Cricket The poetry of earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; That is the Grasshoppershe takes the lead,In summer luxury,he has never done With his delights; for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.,The poetry of earth is ceasing never: On a lone winter evening, when the