模块1：了解推动发展评价的问题.ppt

1、Chapter 1: Understanding Issues Driving Development Evaluation 模块1：了解推动发展评价的问题,Today 今天,Where are we? 我们处于什么水平?,Introduction导言,Evaluation in Developed Countries and Developing Countries: An Overview 发达国家与发展中国家的评价概览 Emerging Development Issues: What Are the Evaluation Implications? 新出现的发展问题：评价的意义是什么？

2、,Evaluation in OECD Developed Countries经合组织发达国家的评价,Large majority of the 30 OECD countries now have mature M others more sporadic attention 有些地区需要全面的方法；其它则需要部分关注,Evaluation in Developing Countries发展中国家的评价,Face challenges similar and different from developed countries 面临与发达国家既相似又不同的挑战 Weak political

3、will may slow progress 薄弱的政治意愿可能会减缓进展 Difficulties in inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination can impede progress toward strategic planning 部委间合作协调的困难会妨碍向战略规划的进展,Evaluating Systems in Developing Countries发展中国家的评价体系,New evaluation systems need: 新的评价体系需要： highly placed champions willing to assu

4、me political risks 位居要职的支持者愿意承担政治风险 credible institutions 可靠的机构 foundation for evaluation: 评价的基础 basic statistical systems and data 基础统计体系与数据 appropriate quality and quantity of data 数据的质量与数量适当 baseline data 基线数据,Capacity Development for Evaluation评价的能力发展,Developing Countries: 发展中国家： need technical

5、and social science-based evaluation 需要基于技术和社会科学的评价 development organizations creating development networks 建立发展网络的发展机构,Other Problems for Evaluation in Developing Countries发展中国家进行评价的其它问题,Two budget systems: 两个预算系统： recurrent expenditures 经常性开支 capital/investment expenditures 资本/投资支出 Whole-of-Governm

6、ent approach may be too difficult at outset 政府整体法在刚开始时可能过于困难,Pattons Recent Trends巴顿的最近趋势,Evaluation as a global profession 评价，作为一种全球性的职业 Studies to streams (Rist) 对趋势的研究（瑞斯特） New complexity in evaluation (command and control） 评价的新复杂性（命令与控制） Move to more formative-like situations 朝着更加格式化的形势发展,Change

7、s in Response to Emerging Issues随着新出现的问题发生的变化,Globalization 全球化 Growing incidence of conflict 冲突的发生率增加 Terrorism and money laundering 恐怖主义和洗钱 Widening gap between rich and poor 贫富差距加大 More development players 更多的发展参与者 Drive toward debt reduction 目标是减少债务 Focus on improved governance 重点是改进治理 Drive tow

8、ard comprehensive, coordinated, participatory development with results 努力实现以结果为导向的全面、协调、参与性的发展,Items at Top of International Development Agenda国际发展议程中的重点项目,Thirteen items at top of development agenda 发展议程中有13个重点项目 Begin with Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 从千年发展目标开始,Millennium Development Goals

9、(MDG)千年发展目标（MDG）,Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger消除极端贫困与饥饿 Achieve universal primary education普及全球基础教育 Promote gender equality and empower women促进两性平等，并赋予妇女权力 Reduce child mortality降低儿童死亡率 Improve maternal health改善产妇保健 Combat HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases抑制艾滋病、疟疾及其它疾病 Ensure environmenta

10、l sustainability确保环境的可持续发展 Develop a global partnership for development在全球开展发展方面的合作,MDGs and M&E 千年发展目标和监测与评价,Driving developing countries to build evaluation capacity and systems 推动发展中国家建设评价能力与体系 Development organizations called upon to provide technical assistance 呼吁发展组织提供技术援助,Monterrey Consensus蒙

11、特雷共识,Financing for development 为发展提供资金 March 2002 170 countries, 50 heads of state 2002年3月，170个国家，50名国家首脑 Recognized the need for greater financial assistance to raise standards of the poorest countries 达成共识：需要为提高最贫穷国家的生活水平提供更大的资金援助 Did NOT set any firm goals 未设定任何硬性目标,Monterrey Consensus and M&E蒙特雷

12、共识和监测与评价,Stressed mutual responsibilities in the quest for MDGs 强调了实现千年发展目标的共同责任 Called on developing countries to improve their policies and governance 呼吁发展中国家改进政策和改善治理 Asked developed countries to step up their support - open markets, more, better aid 要求发达国家加大支持力度开放市场，更多更好的援助,Paris Declaration on

13、Aid Effectiveness援助实效问题巴黎宣言,Agreement to increase efforts for managing aid to developing countries 同意加强对发展中国家援助的管理 March 2005 more than100 ministers, heads of agencies and other senior officials 2005年3月，100多位部长、机构负责人和其他高级官员 Monitorable actions and indicators to track progress towards effective aid 设

14、立可监测的行动和指标来追踪援助成效 Five key principles 五个关键原则: ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing for results, and mutual accountability 所有权，结盟，和谐，成果管理，互相负责,Paris Declaration and M&E巴黎宣言和监测与评价,2007 survey found: 2007年的调查发现: increased awareness and promoted dialogue to improve delivery of aid 意识增强，加强了有关改善援

15、助提供的对话 cost of aid high, slow pace to change development organization attitudes 援助成本高，改变发展机构态度的步伐缓慢 need to strengthen development strategies 需要加强发展战略 change involves new costs 进行变革就需要新的成本 should use performance assessment frameworks and results-oriented reporting 应该使用绩效评估框架和以结果为导向的汇报 need more moni

16、toring systems 需要更多的监测体系,Debt Initiative for HIPC重债穷国减债计划,Proposed in 1996 by World Bank and IMF 由世界银行和国际货币基金组织于1996年提出 Intended to reduce external debt to sustainable levels for countries that pursue economic and social policy reform 旨在使进行经济和社会政策改革的国家的外债减少到可承受的水平 Endorsed by 180 countries, 27 count

17、ries receiving HIPC (2006) 得到180个国家的通过，27个国家列为重债穷国（2006年） Linked to larger comprehensive national poverty reduction strategies 与更大范围的全面的国家减贫战略联系在一起,HIPC and M&E 重债穷国和监测与评价,Driving creation of evaluation capacity 推动评价能力的形成 Countries must commit to accountability and transparency through: monitoring,

18、evaluation, and achievements 国家必须通过监测、评价和成就致力于责任机制和透明化 Providing grants raises new issues and questions for evaluators 救助金的提供给评价人员提出了新的问题,Emergence of New Actors新参与者的出现,Large foundations: 大型基金会： The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 比尔及梅林达.盖茨基金会 The Ford Foundation 福特基金会 The Buffet Foundation 巴菲特基金会

19、 Soros Foundation/Open Society 索罗斯基金会/开放社会基金 Now a part of the dialogue over global/country/sector-wide projects, programs, and policies 现在是全球/国家/部门范围内的项目、计划和政策对话的一部分 Must become part of the process to design and develop evaluations 必须成为评价设计和发展过程的一部分,Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruct

20、ion冲突预防和冲突后的重建,Currently conflict affects over 1 billion people 目前冲突影响了10亿多人 Most conflicts difficult to end 大多数冲突很难结束 Global costs great 全球代价巨大 Poverty a cause and consequence of conflict 贫困是冲突的一个原因和后果 Post-conflict reconstruction requires coordination of large numbers of donors 冲突后的重建需要很多捐助方的协调努力

21、infrastructure, institution building, technical assistance, democracy & elections, NGOs and civil society, civilian police, etc. 基础设施、机构建设、技术援助、民主和选举、非政府组织和民间社团、民警，等,Conflict Prevention冲突的预防,Conflict analysis and sensitivity 冲突分析与敏感性 Greater emphasis on: 更加强调 social, ethnic, and religious communitie

22、s and relations 社会、种族和宗教社区与关系 governance and political institutions 治理与政治制度 human rights 人权 Security 安全 economic structures and performance 经济结构与绩效 the environment and natural resources 环境与自然资源 external factors 外部因素,Post-Conflict Reconstruction and M&E 冲突后的重建与评价,New level of difficulty 新的困难程度 Multi-

23、sector programs funded by 50-80 bilateral and multilateral development organizations 由50-80个双边和多边发展机构资助的多部门计划 Evaluators must examine the impact and donor coordination process 评价人员必须考察冲突的影响和援助方的协调进程 Untraditional areas: 非传统领域： de-mining, demobilization, reintegration of ex-combatants 清除地雷，复员，前战斗人员的重

24、整 Ways to prevent conflicts from erupting 预防冲突爆发的方法,Governance治理,Governance programs seek to promote: 治理计划寻求促进： anti-corruption, public expenditure management, civil service reform, judicial reform, administration, decentralization, e-government and public services delivery 反腐败、公共支出管理、公务员体制改革、司法改革、行

25、政管理、分权化、电子政务和公共服务的提供 Measures of corruption: Transparency International (TI) “Corruption Perception Index” 腐败的衡量：国际透明组织（TI）的“腐败感知指数” Development organizations and evaluators can use these to measure aid effectiveness 发展机构和评价人员可以利用它们来衡量援助效果,Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing反洗钱和恐怖主义融资,Conv

26、erting or transferring proceeds of criminal activity with the intent to conceal or disguise the origin of the property 对犯罪活动的收益进行兑换或转账，旨在隐瞒或掩饰财产来源 Serious and growing international problem 成为严重的国际问题，问题还越来越多 The OECDs Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money Laundering 经合组织反洗钱金融行动特别工作组 Monitoring

27、and evaluation is a part of the FATF mandate carried out multilaterally, by peer review, and by mutual evaluation 监测和评价是反洗钱金融行动特别工作组纲领的一部分，通过同行评议和相互评价多边开展,Workers Remittances劳工汇款,Definition: money sent by workers at a distance to someone at home 定义：远方工作的人汇给家人的钱 Rising trend: global remittance total

28、greater than ODA assistance 上升趋势：全球汇款总额大于官方发展援助 Tend to be more stable than private capital flows 往往比私人资本流动更加稳定 Strong impact on poverty reduction 对减贫有强烈影响 Development organizations seeking to find ways to track these trends and capitalize on them 发展机构旨在寻找某些方法来跟踪并利用这些趋势 Evaluators need ways to study

29、 the impact 评价者需要研究这些影响的方法,Gender性别,Gender: socially constructed roles ascribe to females and males 性别：属于女性和男性的社会角色 Gender analysis: access and control men and women have over resources and systematic way to determine needs, preferences, and impact 性别分析：男性和女性对资源的使用权和控制权以及决定需求、偏好及影响的系统方法 Trend from W

30、ID to Gender and Development to Gender Mainstreaming 从妇女参与发展（WID）到社会性别与发展（GAD）到性别观点主流化,Gender and M&E性别和监测与评价,Progress in gender equality and empowerment of women included in the MDGs 千年发展目标包括促进性别平等和给妇女赋予权利 specific goals, targets, indicators 具体目标和指标 OECDs DAC outlines guiding questions 经合组织的发展援助委员会

31、概述了指导性问题 Gender budgeting 性别预算,PSD and Investment Climate私营部门的发展（PSD）与投资环境,Many issues within private sector development (PSD) and investment climate in poverty reduction 私营部门的发展（PSD）和减贫投资环境存在许多问题 poverty reduction 减贫 Privatization 私有化 private participation in infrastructure services 私营部门参与基础设施服务 cr

32、eation of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (SME) 创办微型和中小型企业（SME） support for micro and SME finance 支持微型和中小型企业融资 stimulating entrepreneurship 激发企业家精神,PSD, Investment, and M&E私营部门的发展、投资和监测与评价,Evaluate using four possible indicators: 使用四种可能的指标评价： business performance 企业绩效 economic sustainability 经济可持续性 environmental effects 环境影响 private sector development 私营部门的发展 Doing Business Database: objective measures of business regulatio