第四讲 新闻导语与结构-新.ppt

1、News structure,Mass Media Reading,Category of newspaper articles,News: News Story, Newsletters, Features, Surveys, Interviews, In-depth report, etc (消息、通讯、新闻特写、调查报告、专访、深度报道等.) Opinions: Review(评论), Commentary(述评), Column Essay(随笔), Editorial (社论), Letters to the Editor（读者来信）,Types of news,“硬新闻” （har

2、d news）硬新闻亦称：“纯消息报道”（spot news or straight news），指题材比较严肃、具有一定时新性的客观事实报道。 “软新闻”（soft news）软新闻是指人情味较浓（社会花边新闻、娱乐新闻、体育新闻、服务性新闻等）的社会新闻，其题材可能会显得陈旧或无关紧要，但决非枯燥乏味。软新闻能引起读者情感上的波动。,String of Paris terrorist attacks leaves over 120 dead,PARIS France declared a state of emergency and secured its borders Friday n

3、ight after attackers unleashed a coordinated wave of explosions, gunfire and hostage-taking in Paris that left more than 120 people dead and generated scenes of horror and carnage.,What Do You Do with a Useless Engagement Ring? Here are 5 Ideas,If you scrimped and saved to buy a sparkling engagement

4、 ring for your beloved, but the relationship didnt work out, what would you do with the ring? You could hold onto it until you found another person worthy of your love and your precious stone. You could cut your losses and sell it online or through a jewelry shop. Or you could hawk it in the halls o

5、f Congress.,Three Common Types of News Structure,The Inverted-pyramid Structure The Pyramid Structure The Champagne-glass Structure The Wall Street Journal Structure,The Inverted-pyramid Structure page 45,Lead/climax Important fact Less important fact Least important fact,Please read the news on pag

6、e 45,Newspapers develop this Inverted Pyramid story formula for two important reasons: 1. Because the reader may stop reading at any time, you must provide the most important news first. A person who reads as little as one paragraph still gets the essential elements in the story. 2. Many newspaper s

7、tories are cut to fit a certain amount of space, and cutting is easier if information is presented in order of descending importance. The Inverted Pyramid format allows editors to cut stories from the bottom quickly without destroying the story.,The Pyramid Structure,Fact - 1 Fact - 2 Fact 3 Ending,

8、Events in time sequence,Please read the news on page 47,The Champagne-glass Structure,summary lead,Chronology of events,Return to a general summary,The Wall Street Journal Structure,Begins with an anecdote (example) followed by the main point. Then, facts, quotes, and documentation to back up the ma

9、in point. Ends with a 2nd reference to the anecdote.,Example,He has a black belt in karate and has trained in several other martial arts. His home is protected by an electronic surveillance system, and his children are trained never to give personal information to strangers. He always keeps his cars

10、 in perfect running order. Each member of his family carries an advanced cell phone at all times to call for help in case of emergencies. He owns two handguns, one placed securely by his bedside and the other in a specially designed compartment under the drivers seat of his car.,Today, Joseph Andrew

11、s is in the intensive care ward of Metropolitan Hospital, the victim of multiple stab wounds after being attacked while he walked from his car to the office. The knife-wielding attacker surprised Mr. Andrews from behind, stabbing him in the neck and disabling him before he could put up a defense. Th

12、e experiences of many American who, like Joseph Andrews, have been the victims of random violence are all too common. ,Ending,The fact that most victims of violence have met their attackers, even if only in passing, makes the issue even more frightening. The victim mentioned in the beginning had als

13、o met his attacker, many times. Joseph Andrews was stabbed by the panhandler (beggar) whom he saw every morning outside his office building, and to whom he gave a dollar each day.,The Inverted-pyramid Structure page 45,Lead/climax Important fact Less important fact Least important fact,Please read t

14、he news on page 45,The Champagne-glass Structure,summary lead,Chronology of events,Return to a general summary,Reading comprehension,What information can we learn from the first paragraph of the news article.,PARIS France declared a state of emergency and secured its borders Friday night after attac

15、kers unleashed a coordinated wave of explosions, gunfire and hostage-taking in Paris that left more than 120 people dead and generated scenes of horror and carnage.,PARIS France 【who】 declared a state of emergency and secured its borders 【what】 Friday night 【when】 after attackers unleashed a coordin

16、ated wave of explosions, gunfire and hostage-taking 【why】 in Paris 【where】 that left more than 120 people dead and generated scenes of horror and carnage.,Something about news articles,IIntroduction The lead is a statement of the most significant aspect of an event. That information is presented as

17、simply and clearly as possible in the first paragraph. It sets the tone. It advertises what is coming in the rest of the story. It conveys the most important information on the story.,II. Different Types of Newspaper Leads The Summary Lead (综述性导语), which usually gives the storys main topic and its m

18、ost important facts and which is usually used in “Hard News” writing. The Delayed Lead (延缓性导语) which is commonly used in the “Soft News” writing and feature stories.,The Summary Lead: The Summary Lead is the most popular lead which generally answers the six questions: who, what, where, when, why, an

19、d how.,Example: Lhasa, (Xinhua) -More than 100 motor vehicles and 300 passengers including some foreign tourists were trapped when highways in Southwest Tibet became flooded following three days of snowfall. The lead answers all the six questions: Who: More than 100 vehicles and 300 passengers What:

20、 Cars and people were trapped When: Following three days of snowfall Where: Highways in Southwest Tibet Why: Highways became flooded How: trapped by snow Of course, seldom leads answer all the six questions as above. Most leads answer only one, two, three, or four of the questions.,The Delayed Lead:

21、 The delayed lead tends to rely heavily on suspended interest, although it may answer one or more of the Ws. It may have more attraction for the reader because of its novelty, liveliness, and literary tinge.,1) The Descriptive Lead: The Descriptive Lead tries to paint a quick word picture of an inte

22、resting person, place, or thing. It also helps create the mood for the story so that it match the subject. Example: Beverly Hills, Calif. 31-Flanked by the heads of nearly every Hollywood studio and major television production company, Nancy Reagan asked them to create characters “who firmly reject

23、drugs in any form”, and not to collaborate “in the illusion that drugs are fun.”,2) The Contrast Lead: The Contrast Lead reaches for the readers attention by comparing extremes-the big with the little; comedy with tragedy; the past with the present. Example: Behind the same walnut desk which he used

24、 to dust 25 years ago as an office boy, Mr. John Smith yesterday received congratulations upon becoming the manager of the company.,3) The Quotation Lead: In order to give a prominent position to the objectivity, reporters sometimes quote the words of the person involved in the news story. The quota

25、tion lead can be divided into two categories: a) Full Quotation Lead and b) Partial Quotation Lead Example: Hong Kong-The 28th Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, was sworn in at the City Hall this afternoon, saying “We must turn one country, two systems from aspiration to reality.”,4) The Question

26、 Lead: The Question Lead is used when the story concerns a problem of public interest or a matter likely to provoke debate among readers. Example: Has President George Bush concluded that Boris Yeltsin is a transitional figure who cannot benefit from significant American financial help? It is beginn

27、ing to look that way.,5) Personal Lead/ Direct address Lead: The Personal Lead is sometimes written in the first person or in the second person and the reader might feel that he is being directly addressed , which narrows the gap between the reader and the reporter. Example: If you live another 50 y

28、ears, you will probably be a millionaire. However, a loaf of bread will cost $37, a car $280,000 and a home $3.4million.,6) The Suspendedinterest(悬念) Lead: The Suspended-interest Lead keeps the reader in suspense and encourages him to continue reading. Example: They were only 20 kilometres into Germ

29、any when they were spotted by border police in civilian clothes and an unmarked car. A trip to prosperous Germany ended there for six Romanians, four men and two women, who had crossed the border from Poland.,7) The Figurative Lead: The Figurative lead is a lead which contains a figure of speech or

30、is written figuratively. It is full of vigor and vitality. Example: Jack Frost made its belated appearance this winter as Shanghai tasted the first bitterness of freezing cold yesterday after a long warm spell.,8) Allusion（典故） Lead: The Historical or Literary Allusion Lead draws on some characters o

31、r events in history or literary in relation to a current event or person in the news. The event or literary reference selected should be familiar to the average reader or it may lose its impact. Example: It may seem carrying coal to New Castle, but the Chicago Zoological Park at Brookfield is sendin

32、g a supply of alligators to Diorida.,9) The Satire Lead: Sometimes even satire can be used in a newspaper lead. Example: If love is a many-splendored（美好的，奇妙的） thing, Zsa Zsa Gobors life must be like living in a rainbow. Miss Gobor married her sixth husband yesterday.,10) Main Fact Lead: This kind of lead attaches great importance to the main fact in the story. Example: The European Co