阅读理解主旨大意专题.pptx

1、,Reading Comprehension,阅读理解专题主旨大意题,考试说明： 阅读理解 要求学生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志及各类媒体中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。,考纲导航,针对阅读能力，要求考生能： 1） 理解语篇主旨大意 2） 理解文中具体信息 3） 根据上下文推断生词词义 4）根据文中事实和线索作出 简单判断和推理 5） 理解文章的宏观结构和文脉 逻辑关系 6）理解作者的观点、意图和态度 7）提炼文章提纲、概括主要内容、理解关键信息,1. 主旨大意题 2. 细节理解题 3. 词/语义判断题 4. 推理判断题,考纲导航,I.考查主旨大

2、意题常见的题干,命题者大多就段落/短文的主题（main idea/topic）、写作目的（purpose）、标题（title）等进行拟题。 例如： 1.The main idea of the paragraph（passage）is . 2.From the paragraph（text）we know that . 3.The passage is meant to 4. The purpose of this article is to 5.The best title for the passage might be 6.The best title for this text ( p

3、assage) could be .,阅读理解掌握主旨大意,II.如何做主旨大意题,1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。 2) 找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以： 读首句抓大意 读尾句抓大意 读首尾段抓大意 3.) 无明显主题句时高频信息词 任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,名师指津：P17 Q3 ： What is the best title for the text?Week5 周测D篇阅

4、读理解32： The text is mainly about?,The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the id

5、ea of a water shortage (短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water red

6、istribution(重新分配) are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ,but there is also an environmental cost to be considered .Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it

7、cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.,This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation (灌溉). In Texas, farmers ov

8、eruse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert

9、 areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation （灌溉）water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.,The text is mainly about _. A. water supply and incre

10、asing population B. water use management and agriculture C. water redistribution and wildlife protection D. water shortages and environmental protection 【点拨】主题型主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了世界可用淡水资源的匮乏及对农业的影响。文章的前面部分主要是讲述农业在利用水资源过程中存在的一些问题，后面接下来是介绍加强水资源管理的方法和措施。文中多次出现的信息词（见划线部分）有院agriculture，man-agement，agricultural

11、，overuse of irrigation water，water use，managed 等，在四个选项中，只有选项B的内容与文章主题最为接近，并且含有高频信息词，故【答案】选B项。,四、寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想 不是所有的文章都有主题句，但是对于大部分有主题句的文章来说，主题句表达了文章的中心思想，找到了主题句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。,Sample 1 Insects come in many sizesSome are big and some are smallThe smallest ones are so smal1 that it takes one hundred o

12、f them to form one inchThe biggest insects are not big，but they are one thousand times as big as the smallestThey are about ten inches in length！ 第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想“昆虫的大小不同”。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫分别加以陈述。,如何寻找主题句,Sample 2 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that th

13、ey havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a h

14、amburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A)Some people like steak and others like red meat. B)Vegetables are very healthy to you. C)Food preparation has a lot to do with peoples tastes. D)Different people have

15、 different tastes in food.,13,Sample 3,Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dan

16、gerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with. Still

17、more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.,开门见山 提出主题, 随之用

18、细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.,Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with da

19、ngerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.,分清main idea 和supporting sentences,主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点，呈现出一个正三角形的模式。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有80%是这样写的。,Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so q

20、uickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.,Sample 4 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells th

21、em exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,A human body app

22、ears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with

23、 his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore, man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of

24、 damage and death that threaten him.,Sample 5,先陈述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论,建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是最常见的归纳法写作方式 。,A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man goo

25、d at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so stro

26、ng in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.,Sample 6 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the m

27、an who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,这种以先陈述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论,建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是最常见的归纳法写作方式 。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。,Sample 7 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inve

28、ntions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通

29、常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthiest. For example，people who liv

30、e on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness.,Sample 8,本段的三个层次比较明显。 第一句以设问的方式提出该文段要讨论的主题：生活在有许多医生和现代化医院的国家中的人是世界上最健康的人吗？此句起到了引出主题的作用。 第三句对前面的提问做出笼统的回答：许多生活在没有大夫和医院环境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陈述主题思想的作用，应枧为主题句。 段落的最后则举例对主题做进一步的解释。,4.主题句在段首和

31、段尾,Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On t

32、he surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any country，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and

33、bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.,本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。文段的第一句明确陈述了这一看法。在段尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。,首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。,5无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，

34、进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an exce

35、llent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.,detail,detail,de

36、tail,【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 ,Types Of Paragraph Structures,1. 文章中的but, however, rather, as a result, therefore, in brief, in short 等词

37、。它们通常 是引出中心主旨的方向词。而for example, first, to begin with等是引出细节的信息词，在 它们之前往往提到文章的中心主旨。,技巧总结,2. 主旨题忌以偏概全，注意答案选项所涉及 的概念的外延和内涵必须能恰如其分地概 况文章的主题，既不能范围过大，也不能 把某一细节或侧面误当作主题 3. 注意捕捉文章中出现频率较高的中心词汇 和全文和段落的主题句 4. 选择文章标题时要有概括性、针对性、醒 目性,The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supp

38、ly of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the idea of a water shortage (短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of t

39、he worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ,but there is also an environmental cost to be considered .Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one